In one aspect, the invention includes a reactor apparatus for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock, the apparatus including: a reactor component comprising a refractory material in oxide form, the refractory material having a melting point of at least 2060 C. and which remains in oxide form when exposed to a gas having an oxygen partial pressure of 10.sup.15 bar, a carbon partial pressure above the carbon partial pressure of the zirconium carbide and zirconium oxide phase transition at the same temperature, and at temperatures below the temperature of the zirconium triple point at the oxygen partial pressure of 10.sup.15 bar; and ii) when exposed to a gas having an oxygen partial pressure of 10.sup.15 bar and at temperatures above the zirconium triple point at the oxygen partial pressure of 10.sup.15 bar. In some embodiments, the reactor comprises a regenerative pyrolysis reactor apparatus and in other embodiments it includes a reverse flow regenerative reactor apparatus. In other aspects, this invention includes a method for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock using a pyrolysis reactor system comprising the step of providing in a heated region of a pyrolysis reactor system for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock, apparatus comprising the above refractory material.

A delayed coking unit has a thermal shock-resistant, erosion-resistant internal lining to reduce thermally-induced mechanical stresses in the pressure boundary of the coke drum. The lining is effective to reduce or mitigate the transient thermal stress that occurs in the pressure boundary of the coke drum and to reduce or minimize the high thermal stress resulting from temperature differentials at the skirt-to-shell junction.

A delayed coking unit has a thermal shock-resistant, erosion-resistant internal lining to reduce thermally-induced mechanical stresses in the pressure boundary of the coke drum. The lining is effective to reduce or mitigate the transient thermal stress that occurs in the pressure boundary of the coke drum and to reduce or minimize the high thermal stress resulting from temperature differentials at the skirt-to-shell junction.

The present disclosure refers to transfer line exchangers with improved cooling capacity, equipped with a thermal spray coating in crackers and a method for the maintenance of transfer line exchangers with the help of a thermal spray coating. In some embodiments, the thermal spray coating is obtained from a spray material formed of Cr.sub.3C.sub.2 and a NiCr alloy. Preferably, the spray coating material comprises at least 60 wt.-%, preferably at least 70 wt.-% of Cr.sub.3C.sub.2, based on the total weight of the spray material.

The present disclosure refers to transfer line exchangers with improved cooling capacity, equipped with a thermal spray coating in crackers and a method for the maintenance of transfer line exchangers with the help of a thermal spray coating. In some embodiments, the thermal spray coating is obtained from a spray material formed of Cr.sub.3C.sub.2 and a NiCr alloy. Preferably, the spray coating material comprises at least 60 wt.-%, preferably at least 70 wt.-% of Cr.sub.3C.sub.2, based on the total weight of the spray material.

An open system pyrolysis of a first hydrocarbon source rock sample obtained from a natural system is performed within a pyrolysis chamber by maintaining the pyrolysis chamber at a substantially constant temperature. Hydrocarbons are recovered from the pyrolysis chamber released by the first hydrocarbon source rock sample. A thermo-vaporization is performed within the pyrolysis chamber on the pyrolyzed sample at a substantially constant temperature. A first hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of hydrocarbon source rock is determined. A second hydrocarbon rock sample is ground to a grain size less than or equal to or less than 250 micrometers. A second pyrolysis is performed on the ground hydrocarbon source rock sample by maintaining the chamber at a substantially constant temperature. A second hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the hydrocarbon source rock in the natural system is determined. The first hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency is verified using the second hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency.

An open system pyrolysis of a first hydrocarbon source rock sample obtained from a natural system is performed within a pyrolysis chamber by maintaining the pyrolysis chamber at a substantially constant temperature. Hydrocarbons are recovered from the pyrolysis chamber released by the first hydrocarbon source rock sample. A thermo-vaporization is performed within the pyrolysis chamber on the pyrolyzed sample at a substantially constant temperature. A first hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of hydrocarbon source rock is determined. A second hydrocarbon rock sample is ground to a grain size less than or equal to or less than 250 micrometers. A second pyrolysis is performed on the ground hydrocarbon source rock sample by maintaining the chamber at a substantially constant temperature. A second hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the hydrocarbon source rock in the natural system is determined. The first hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency is verified using the second hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency.

The invention relates to a process for converting hydrocarbons into unsaturated products such as acetylene and/or ethylene. The invention also relates to converting acetylene to olefins such as ethylene and/or propylene, to polymerizing the olefins, and to equipment useful for these processes.

The invention relates to a process for converting hydrocarbons into unsaturated products such as acetylene and/or ethylene. The invention also relates to converting acetylene to olefins such as ethylene and/or propylene, to polymerizing the olefins, and to equipment useful for these processes.

A method of generating a reaction product from a feedstock via a centrifuge reactor that includes introducing a flow of feedstock to a centrifuge reactor, the centrifuge reactor including: a central rotational axis X, and a centrifuge assembly having a reaction chamber with the centrifuge assembly configured to rotate about the central rotational axis X. The method further includes rotating the centrifuge assembly about the central rotational axis X at a tip speed to generate an acceleration gradient from the central rotational axis X and from a first reaction chamber end to a second reaction chamber end and generating reaction conditions in the reaction chamber, the reaction conditions and acceleration gradient causing a separation of products from a reaction of the feedstock within the reaction chamber.