A method to make a phosphorus modified zeolite can include providing a zeolite having at least one ten member ring, making an ion-exchange, steaming the zeolite, and introducing phosphorus on the zeolite. The zeolite can be mixed with one or more binders and shaping additives, and then shaped. A metal can be introduced, and the catalyst can be washed, calcined, and steamed in an equilibration step. The steaming can be at performed at a steam severity (X) of at least about 2. The steaming can be performed at a temperature above 625 C. The catalyst can be used in alcohol dehydration, olefin cracking, MTO processes, and alkylation of aromatics by alcohols with olefins and/or alcohols.

The invention relates to a method of increasing the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of feedstocks by reacting one or more mono-cyclic ether solvents such as oxolane with the asphaltene resident in bitumen or crude oils, at an ambient or elevated temperature, and at ambient or elevated pressure, to increase the API gravity and the economic value of the bitumen or crude oil, and a method for in situ manufacturing a mono-cyclic ether, oxolane, to rejuvenate bitumen or heavy crude oils into their younger lighter crude oils by blending methyl linoleate and methanol in a ratio; heating to produce oxolane; and contacting the oxolane as a solvent with the asphaltene resident in bitumen and heavy crude oils to release not only aromatic compounds, represented by toluene, but also the paraffinic alkanes, represented by n-heptane, making the feedstocks ready for extraction, separation of sand, pipeline transport and refining.

The invention relates to a method of increasing the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of feedstocks by reacting one or more mono-cyclic ether solvents such as oxolane with the asphaltene resident in bitumen or crude oils, at an ambient or elevated temperature, and at ambient or elevated pressure, to increase the API gravity and the economic value of the bitumen or crude oil, and a method for in situ manufacturing a mono-cyclic ether, oxolane, to rejuvenate bitumen or heavy crude oils into their younger lighter crude oils by blending methyl linoleate and methanol in a ratio; heating to produce oxolane; and contacting the oxolane as a solvent with the asphaltene resident in bitumen and heavy crude oils to release not only aromatic compounds, represented by toluene, but also the paraffinic alkanes, represented by n-heptane, making the feedstocks ready for extraction, separation of sand, pipeline transport and refining.

The invention relates to a method of increasing the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of feedstocks by reacting one or more mono-cyclic ether solvents such as oxolane with the asphaltene resident in bitumen or crude oils, at an ambient or elevated temperature, and at ambient or elevated pressure, to increase the API gravity and the economic value of the bitumen or crude oil, and a method for in situ manufacturing a mono-cyclic ether, oxolane, to rejuvenate bitumen or heavy crude oils into their younger lighter crude oils by blending methyl linoleate and methanol in a ratio; heating to produce oxolane; and contacting the oxolane as a solvent with the asphaltene resident in bitumen and heavy crude oils to release not only aromatic compounds, represented by toluene, but also the paraffinic alkanes, represented by n-heptane, making the feedstocks ready for extraction, separation of sand, pipeline transport and refining.

The invention relates to a method of increasing the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of feedstocks by reacting one or more mono-cyclic ether solvents such as oxolane with the asphaltene resident in bitumen or crude oils, at an ambient or elevated temperature, and at ambient or elevated pressure, to increase the API gravity and the economic value of the bitumen or crude oil, and a method for in situ manufacturing a mono-cyclic ether, oxolane, to rejuvenate bitumen or heavy crude oils into their younger lighter crude oils by blending methyl linoleate and methanol in a ratio; heating to produce oxolane; and contacting the oxolane as a solvent with the asphaltene resident in bitumen and heavy crude oils to release not only aromatic compounds, represented by toluene, but also the paraffinic alkanes, represented by n-heptane, making the feedstocks ready for extraction, separation of sand, pipeline transport and refining.

Disclosed is a process for the alteration of the ratio of the specific gravities of the oil and water phases resulting from the conversion of biomass to liquid products, the reduction of the conductivity and of metals of the product mixture, which each can aid in the removal of solids contained in the oil phase; and a liquid-liquid extraction method for partitioning desirable carbon containing compounds into the oil phase and undesirable carbon containing compounds into the water phase.

Disclosed is a process for the alteration of the ratio of the specific gravities of the oil and water phases resulting from the conversion of biomass to liquid products, the reduction of the conductivity and of metals of the product mixture, which each can aid in the removal of solids contained in the oil phase; and a liquid-liquid extraction method for partitioning desirable carbon containing compounds into the oil phase and undesirable carbon containing compounds into the water phase.

The present invention provides selective extraction of sulfoxides, or sulfoxides in combination with sulfones, from hydrocarbon mixtures containing these compounds. A significant advantage of the invention is that oxidation products resulting from oxidative desulfurization of hydrocarbon feedstocks are selectively extracted with minimum co-extraction of non-oxidized products such as valuable hydrocarbon fuel components.

The present invention provides selective extraction of sulfoxides, or sulfoxides in combination with sulfones, from hydrocarbon mixtures containing these compounds. A significant advantage of the invention is that oxidation products resulting from oxidative desulfurization of hydrocarbon feedstocks are selectively extracted with minimum co-extraction of non-oxidized products such as valuable hydrocarbon fuel components.

Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with high pH aqueous reducing agents, such as borohydride, results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. The treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.