Provided herein are catalyst supports, catalyst systems, and methods for making catalyst supports, catalyst systems, and performing chemical reactions with the catalyst systems. The catalyst supports include a zeolite and a binder including non-sodium counterions, such as ammonium counterions and/or potassium counterions. The catalyst systems include the catalyst supports and a catalytic material. The catalyst systems may be used to perform chemical reactions, including reactions of one or more hydrocarbons.

A photovoltaic module comprising: (a) a photovoltaic laminate including: two or more electrically conducting dements extending through the photovoltaic laminate so that power is moved from one photovoltaic module towards another photovoltaic module or towards an inverter; and (b) one or more connectors connected to each of the two or more electrically conducting elements by a connection joint, each of the one or more connectors include: two or more opposing terminals that each are connected to and extend from one of the two or more electrically conducing elements; wherein a dielectric space is located between the two or more opposing terminals and the dielectric space blocks material used to form a connection joint from passing from a first terminal to a second terminal, the material from the connection joint cools before the material passes from one terminal to a second terminal, the material fails to travel from the first terminal to the second terminal, or a combination thereof.

A catalyst system comprising a combination of: 1) one or more catalyst compounds comprising at least one oxygen linkage, such as a phenoxide transition metal compound; 2) a support comprising an organosilica material, which may be a mesoporous organosilica material; and 3) an optional activator. Useful catalysts include biphenyl phenol catalysts (BPP). The organosilica material may be a polymer of at least one monomer of Formula [Z.sup.1OZ.sup.2SiCH.sub.2].sub.3 (I), where Z.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl group, or a bond to a silicon atom of another monomer and Z.sup.2 represents a hydroxyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, or an oxygen atom bonded to a silicon atom of another monomer. This invention further relates to processes to polymerize olefins comprising contacting one or more olefins with the above catalyst system.

This disclosure relates to new crystalline microporous solids (including silicate- and aluminosilicate-based solids), the compositions comprising 8 and 10 membered inorganic rings, particularly those having IWV topologies having a range of Si:Al ratios, methods of preparing these and known crystalline microporous solids using certain quaternized imidazolium cation templates.

A method of producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons includes bringing a light feedstock oil having a 10 vol % distillation temperature of 140° C. to 205° C. and a 90 vol % distillation temperature of 300° C. or lower, which has been prepared from a feedstock oil having a 10 vol % distillation temperature of 140° C. or higher and a 90 vol % distillation temperature of 380° C. or lower, into contact with a catalyst for monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon production containing a crystalline aluminosilicate, in which a content ratio of monocyclic naphthenobenzenes in the light feedstock oil is adjusted by distillation of the feedstock oil such that the content ratio of monocyclic naphthenobenzenes in the light feedstock oil is higher than a content ratio of monocyclic naphthenobenzenes in the feedstock oil.

Provided herein are catalyst supports, catalyst systems, and methods for making catalyst supports, catalyst systems, and performing chemical reactions with the catalyst systems. The catalyst supports include a zeolite and a binder including non-sodium counterions, such as ammonium counterions and/or potassium counterions. The catalyst systems include the catalyst supports and a catalytic material. The catalyst systems may be used to perform chemical reactions, including reactions of one or more hydrocarbons.

The present disclosure relates to a reforming catalyst composition comprising a spherical gamma AI.sub.2O.sub.3 support; at least one Group VB metal oxide sheet coated on to the AI.sub.2O.sub.3 support; and at least one active metal and at least one promoter metal impregnated on the AI.sub.2O.sub.3 coated support. The reforming catalyst composition of the present disclosure has improved activity, better selectivity for total aromatics during naphtha reforming and results in less coke formation. The reforming catalyst composition has improved catalyst performance with simultaneous modification of acidic sites as well as metallic sites through metal support interaction. The acid site cracking activity of the catalyst is inhibited because of the use of chloride free alumina support modified with solid acid such as Group VB metal oxide and impregnated with active metals. The present disclosure provides a process for naphtha reforming in the presence of the reforming catalyst composition of the present disclosure to obtain reformates of naphtha.

The present invention relates to an integrated process for increasing the research octane number (RON) of FCC gasoline with simultaneous reduction in benzene content. In this process, benzene rich gasoline fraction is reacted with light olefin rich gaseous streams like FCC off gas/dry gas, coker off gas to produce alkyl aromatics using FCC catalyst system containing ZSM-5 zeolite. The catalyst is continuously drawn from the FCC regenerator by suitably placing the alkylation reactor in communication with the FCC regenerator. The product stream of the alkylation reactor is routed to main fractionator for separation of off gas and benzene lean gasoline. This integrated process not only improves the octane number of gasoline but also lowers the gasoline benzene content. Further the integrated alkylation reactor system acts as a heat sink lowering the FCC regenerator temperature and enables the FCC unit to process high CCR feeds.

A catalyst system comprising a combination of: 1) one or more catalyst compounds comprising at least one nitrogen linkage; 2) a support comprising an organosilica material, which is a mesoporous organosilica material; and 3) an optional activator. Useful catalysts include pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes, HN5 compounds, and bis(imino)pyridyl complexes. The organosilica material is a polymer of at least one monomer of Formula [Z.sup.1OZ.sup.2SiCH.sub.2].sub.3(1), where Z.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-C.sub.4alkyl group, or a bond to a silicon atom of another monomer and Z.sup.2 represents a hydroxyl group, a C1-C.sub.4alkoxy group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, or an oxygen atom bonded to a silicon atom of another monomer. This invention further relates to processes to polymerize olefins comprising contacting one or more olefins with the above catalyst system.

Processes for cracking an alkane reactant to form a lower aliphatic hydrocarbon product and for converting an alkane reactant into a higher aliphatic hydrocarbon product are disclosed, and these processes include a step of contacting the alkane reactant with a supported chromium (II) catalyst. In addition to the formation of various aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as linear alkanes, branched alkanes, 1-alkenes, and internal alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen also can be produced.