Provided is a technology to convert an oil having a high content of Cl into a solvent. Impurities such as Cl, S, N, and metals are removed from an oil having a boiling point of 340° C. or lower in a waste oil having a high content of Cl, and hydrogenation is carried out to recover an oil, and the oil may be applied as a solvent. Separation by boiling points to meet the properties of the solvent product is performed, a solid acid material and an oil having a high Cl content are mixed, impurities are removed by a heat treatment at a high temperature, and hydrogenation is carried out with a metal oxide catalyst, thereby manufacturing a solvent product.

A solid particle bed has a sea zone and at least one island zone distributed in the sea zone, and has an upper surface, a lower surface, an axial direction and a radial direction. The island zone extends along the axial direction of the solid particle bed but does not extend to the lower surface, and the voidage of the island zone is 110-300% of the voidage of the sea zone. In the solid particle bed, the oil preferentially enters the packing area with a small voidage through the tail section of the packing area with a large voidage. As the deposition amount increases, the oil gradually changes its way by entering the packing area with a small voidage through the side of the packing area with a large voidage.

A solid particle bed has a sea zone and at least one island zone distributed in the sea zone, and has an upper surface, a lower surface, an axial direction and a radial direction. The island zone extends along the axial direction of the solid particle bed but does not extend to the lower surface, and the voidage of the island zone is 110-300% of the voidage of the sea zone. In the solid particle bed, the oil preferentially enters the packing area with a small voidage through the tail section of the packing area with a large voidage. As the deposition amount increases, the oil gradually changes its way by entering the packing area with a small voidage through the side of the packing area with a large voidage.

A catalyst support comprising at least 95% silicon carbide, having surface areas of ≤10 m.sup.2/g and pore volumes of ≤1 cc/g. A method of producing a catalyst support, the method including mixing SiC particles of 0.1-20 microns, SiO.sub.2 and carbonaceous materials to form an extrusion, under inert atmospheres, heating the extrusion at temperatures of greater than 1400° C., and removing residual carbon from the heated support under temperatures below 1000° C. A catalyst on a carrier, comprising a carrier support having at least about 95% SiC, with a silver solution impregnated thereon comprising silver oxide, ethylenediamine, oxalic acid, monoethanolamine and cesium hydroxide. A process for oxidation reactions (e.g., for the production of ethylene oxide, or oxidation reactions using propane or methane), or for endothermic reactions (e.g., dehydrogenation of paraffins, of ethyl benzene, or cracking and hydrocracking hydrocarbons).

A catalyst support comprising at least 95% silicon carbide, having surface areas of ≤10 m.sup.2/g and pore volumes of ≤1 cc/g. A method of producing a catalyst support, the method including mixing SiC particles of 0.1-20 microns, SiO.sub.2 and carbonaceous materials to form an extrusion, under inert atmospheres, heating the extrusion at temperatures of greater than 1400° C., and removing residual carbon from the heated support under temperatures below 1000° C. A catalyst on a carrier, comprising a carrier support having at least about 95% SiC, with a silver solution impregnated thereon comprising silver oxide, ethylenediamine, oxalic acid, monoethanolamine and cesium hydroxide. A process for oxidation reactions (e.g., for the production of ethylene oxide, or oxidation reactions using propane or methane), or for endothermic reactions (e.g., dehydrogenation of paraffins, of ethyl benzene, or cracking and hydrocracking hydrocarbons).

Disclosed is a catalyst for use in hydrotreating hydrocarbon feedstocks and methods of making the same catalyst. Specifically, a catalyst is disclosed comprises at least one Group VIB metal component, at least one Group VIII metal component, an organic additive resulting in a C-content of the final catalysts of about 1 to about 30 wt % C, and preferably about 1 to about 20 wt % C, and more preferably about 5 to about 15 wt % C and a titanium-containing carrier component, wherein the amount of the titanium component is in the range of about 3 to about 60 wt %, expressed as an oxide (TiO.sub.2) and based on the total weight of the catalyst. The titanium-containing carrier is formed by co-extruding or precipitating a titanium source with a Al.sub.2O.sub.3 precursor to form a porous support material primarily comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3 or by impregnating a titanium source onto a porous support material primarily comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3. Special preference is given to alumina and alumina containing up to and no more than 1 wt % of silica, preferably no more than 0.5 wt % based on the total weight of the support (dry base)

An ebullated bed hydroprocessing system is upgraded using a dual catalyst system that includes a heterogeneous catalyst and dispersed metal sulfide particles to improve the quality of vacuum residue. The improved quality of vacuum residue can be provided by one or more of reduced viscosity, reduced density (increased API gravity), reduced asphaltene content, reduced carbon residue content, reduced sulfur content, and reduced sediment. Vacuum residue of improved quality can be produced while operating the upgraded ebullated bed reactor at the same or higher severity, temperature, throughput and/or conversion. Similarly, vacuum residue of same or higher quality can be produced while operating the upgraded ebullated bed reactor at higher severity, temperature, throughput and/or conversion.

An ebullated bed hydroprocessing system is upgraded using a dual catalyst system that includes a heterogeneous catalyst and dispersed metal sulfide particles to improve the quality of vacuum residue. The improved quality of vacuum residue can be provided by one or more of reduced viscosity, reduced density (increased API gravity), reduced asphaltene content, reduced carbon residue content, reduced sulfur content, and reduced sediment. Vacuum residue of improved quality can be produced while operating the upgraded ebullated bed reactor at the same or higher severity, temperature, throughput and/or conversion. Similarly, vacuum residue of same or higher quality can be produced while operating the upgraded ebullated bed reactor at higher severity, temperature, throughput and/or conversion.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO 8217 compliant Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a Reaction System composed of one or more reactor vessels selected from a group reactor wherein said one or more reactor vessels contains one or more reaction sections configured to promote the transformation of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil to the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has a Environmental Contaminate level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is disclosed that can utilize a modular reactor vessel.

A multi-stage process for the production of an ISO 8217 compliant Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a Reaction System composed of one or more reactor vessels selected from a group reactor wherein said one or more reactor vessels contains one or more reaction sections configured to promote the transformation of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil to the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil has a Environmental Contaminate level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass. A process plant for conducting the process for conducting the process is disclosed that can utilize a modular reactor vessel.