Catalytic system which can be used in processes for the hydroconversion of heavy oils by means of hydrotreatment in slurry phase, characterized in that it comprises: a catalyst, having the function of hydrogenating agent, containing MoS.sub.2 or WS.sub.2 or mixtures thereof in lamellar form or an oil-soluble precursor thereof; a co-catalyst, having nanometric or micronic particle-sizes, selected from cracking and/or denitrogenation catalysts. The co-catalyst preferably consists of zeolites having small-sized crystals and with a low aggregation degree between the primary particles, and/or oxides or sulfides or precursors of sulfides of Ni and/or Co in a mixture with Mo and/or W.

Methods and systems to achieve clean fuel processing systems in which carbon dioxide emissions (1) from sources (2) may be processed in at least one processing reactor (4) containing a plurality of chemoautotrophic bacteria (5) which can convert the carbon dioxide emissions into biomass (6) which may then be used for various products (21) such as biofuels, fertilizer, feedstock, or the like. Sulfate reducing bacteria (13) may be used to supply sulfur containing compounds to the chemoautotrophic bacteria (5).

A method may include: introducing triglycerides, hydrogen, and a sulfiding agent into a hydroprocessing reactor; reacting the triglycerides with the hydrogen in the hydroprocessing reactor to form at least paraffins; separating at least a portion of a hydroprocessing reactor effluent from the hydroprocessing reactor in a first phase separator to produce a first sour water stream comprising water and a first quantity of hydrogen sulfide and a paraffin stream comprising at least a portion of the paraffins; introducing the first sour water stream into a sour water stripper and stripping the first sour water stream to form a gaseous stream comprising at least a portion of the first quantity of the hydrogen sulfide from the first sour water stream; and contacting the gaseous stream with an acidified wash water in an ammonia removal unit to produce an aqueous ammonia solution stream and a treated gaseous hydrogen sulfide stream; and introducing the treated hydrogen sulfide stream into the hydroprocessing reactor. The aqueous ammonia solution stream is neutralized with an acid to form an ammonium salt solution product.

The hydroisomerization of a paraffinic hydrocarbon feedstock obtained from renewable sources is effectively achieved by passing the feedstock in the presence of hydrogen over a hydroisomerization catalyst comprising a crystalline metal silicate molecular sieve, in which a portion of the crystalline framework contains iron.

The present disclosure provides a versatile process for producing valuable renewable hydrocarbons from triglyceride containing feedstock. The triglyceride containing feedstock is first split to provide a mixture containing fatty acids, glycerol and water, from which a phase separation provides an oily phase, and an aqueous phase. The oily phase containing fatty acids is subjected to fractionation, whereby specific fractions may be refined to products with controlled hydroprocessing. Products may contain paraffinic renewable aviation fuel components, paraffinic renewable base oil, renewable paraffinic diesel fuel components, renewable paraffinic technical fluid, or any combination thereof.

The invention relates to a hydrocarbon blend for input to a refinery and comprising a first blend component containing a renewable hydrocarbon component and a second blend component containing petroleum derived hydrocarbon to form at least part of a final hydrocarbon blend for processing in a refinery where the first blend component is characterized by comprising a hydrocarbon substance with at least 70% by weight having a boiling point above 220° C. and by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d1, δ.sub.ρ1, δ.sub.h1)=(17-20, 6-12, 6-12) and; where the second blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.{acute over (α)}2, δ.sub.ρ2, δ.sub.h2)=(17-20, 3-5, 4-7), where the first blend component is present in the final hydrocarbon blend in a relative amount of up to 80 wt %.

A non-petroleum or renewable feedstock containing oxygen and contaminants of metals, gums, and resins is treated by introducing the feedstock into a reactor at a flow velocity of from 20 ft/sec to 100 ft/sec. The feedstock is heated within the reactor to a temperature of from 700° F. to 1100° F. to remove and/or reduce the content of the contaminants to form a reactor product. The reactor product is cooled to form a cooled reactor product. Non-condensable gases, metals and water are separated and removed from the cooled reactor product to form a final product. The final product has an oxygen content that is 60% or less of that of the feedstock, and wherein the final product comprises 25 wt % or less any triglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, phosphatides, sterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, or fatty alcohols, from 5 wt % to 30 wt % naphtha, and 50 wt % or more diesel.

A process is described for producing a BTX cut from biomass comprising at least one step of catalytic pyrolysis of said biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor in which a stream comprising at least one oxygenated compound selected from alcohols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, alcohol acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, diols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, carboxylic acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, ethers having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, aldehydes having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, esters having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and glycerol, alone or mixed, is fed into the catalytic pyrolysis reactor.

There is described a process for producing a semi-synthetic jet fuel, a fully synthetic jet fuel, or a combination of both, by converting feedstock into hydrocarbons.

A process for preparing a hydrocarbon fluid includes a step of oligomerising an initial hydrocarbon composition which contains, in relation to the total weight of said initial hydrocarbon composition, at least 2% by weight of 3-methyl-but-1-ene, at least 5% by weight of 2-methyl-but-2-ene and at least 5% by weight of 2-methyl-but-1-ene.