Systems and methods are provided for performing ethane steam cracking at elevated coil inlet pressures and/or elevated coil outlet pressures in small diameter furnace coils. Instead of performing steam cracking of ethane at a coil outlet pressure of ?22 psig or less (?150 kPa-g or less), the steam cracking of ethane can be performed in small diameter furnace coils at a coil outlet pressure of 30 psig to 75 psig (?200 kPa-g to ?520 kPa-g), or 40 psig to 75 psig (?270 kPa-g to ?520 kPa-g). In order to achieve such higher coil outlet pressures, a correspondingly higher coil inlet pressure can also be used, such as a pressure of 45 psig (?310 kPa-g) or more, or 50 psig (?340 kPa-g) or more.

A method of monitoring catalytic performance of a catalyst used in a reforming process, comprising a) collecting gaseous component data from the reforming process; b) calculating a gaseous component ratio from the gaseous component data; and c) utilizing the gaseous component ratio to estimate an amount of catalytic activity remaining in the catalyst used in the reforming process, a number of days on stream remaining for the catalyst used in the reforming process, or both.

Method for starting up a method for producing kerosene and diesel fuel from hydrocarbon compounds produced by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

The start-up method employs catalytic reaction of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with a synthesis gas for producing a heavy hydrocarbon fraction and a light hydrocarbon fraction, a reduction (RE) reducing a hydrotreatment catalyst by ensuring contact with a gas comprising hydrogen, bringing the heavy hydrocarbon fraction into contact with the hydrotreatment catalyst (DM). During the step for ensuring contact, the temperature (TEMP) of the catalyst is increased to a temperature of between 260 C. and 360 C. Then, (TR) bringing a mixture comprising the heavy hydrocarbon fraction and the light hydrocarbon fraction into contact with the hydrotreatment catalyst is carried out.

A coke catching apparatus for use in hydrocarbon cracking to assist in the removal of coke and the prevention of coke build up in high coking hydrocarbon processing units. The apparatus includes a grid device for preventing large pieces of coke from entering the outlet of the process refining equipment while lowing small pieces of coke to pass through and be disposed of. The coke catching apparatus can be easily disassembled to be removed from the refining process equipment and cleaned.

A process for the continuous dearomatization of a petroleum cut to produce a hydrocarbon-containing fluid with a very low sulphur content and very low aromatic compounds content, includes at least one stage of catalytic hydrogenation at a temperature between 80 and 180 C. and at a pressure between 50 and 160 bar. The stage of catalytic hydrogenation of the dearomatization process comprises several interchangeable reactors linked in series.

The invention relates to a method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of: (a) providing a reactor with a fixed bed of reduced Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal; (b) supplying a gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor, wherein the gaseous feed stream comprises a nitrogen-containing compound other than molecular nitrogen in an initial concentration, wherein the initial concentration in the range of from 10 to 350 ppbv based on the volume of the gaseous feed stream; (c) converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at a reaction temperature and at a set reactor productivity, whilst maintaining the initial concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound and maintaining the set reactor productivity during a first time period by adjusting the reaction temperature; (d) decreasing the concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound to a second concentration in the range of from 0 to 20 ppbv, wherein the second concentration is at least 5 ppbv below the initial concentration, preferably at least 20 ppbv below the initial concentration, and maintaining the reactor productivity by adjusting the reaction temperature.

The invention relates to a method to start up a Fischer-Tropsch process. A catalyst with a latent activity is used. The catalyst comprises titania, cobalt, promoter, and chlorine. The catalyst comprises more than 0.7 and less than 4 weight percent of the element chlorine, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst.

The invention relates to a continuous process for converting carbonaceous material contained in one or more feedstocks into a liquid hydrocarbon product, said feedstocks including the carbonaceous material being in a feed mixture including one or more fluids, said fluids including water, the process comprising converting at least part of the carbonaceous material, and further in a state of cleaning the pressure and temperature is set to a predetermined desired level; where prior to the cleaning, the inflow of feed mixture is terminated and the system is filled with a fluid, where the temperature and the pressure are altered to the predetermined level at a predetermined rate and where the pressure is constantly kept at a level above the saturation pressure for the fluid at a given temperature, where the inflow of at least one cleaning fluid is initiated and the at least one cleaning fluid is circulated in the system for a predetermined time; where upon reaching the predetermined time for the cleaning fluid circulation, the temperature and pressure is altered to the operational pressure and temperature at a predetermined rate, where the pressure is constantly kept at a level above the saturation pressure for the fluid at a given temperature; and where upon reaching the operational conditions the inflow of the fluid/cleaning fluid is terminated and the inflow of feed mixture is initiated.

The method for cleaning a reactor of the present invention comprises passing a solvent through a wax-fraction hydrocracking apparatus which is charged with a catalyst and to which supply of a wax fraction is stopped, wherein the solvent comprising at least one oil selected from a group consisting of hydrocarbon and vegetable oils, and having a sulfur content of less than 5 ppm and being in a liquid state at 15 C.

The invention relates to a method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of: providing a reactor with a fixed bed of Fischer-Tropsch catalyst precursor that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal; supplying an initial hydrogen containing gaseous feed stream to the reactor, at a reduction temperature and pressure; supplying a further gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor; converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the second gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at a reaction temperature, wherein the reaction temperature is set at a value of at least 200 C. and hydrocarbons are produced.