Processes for converting a hydrocarbon-containing feed by pyrolysis and gasification/combustion. The hydrocarbon-containing feed and heated particles can be fed into a pyrolysis zone and contacted therein to effect pyrolysis of the hydrocarbons and produce a pyrolysis effluent. A gaseous stream rich in olefins and a particle stream rich in particles that include coke disposed thereon can be obtained from the pyrolysis effluent. A CO.sub.2-rich stream that includes, on a dry basis, CO.sub.2 at a concentration 90 vol %, based on the total volume of the CO.sub.2-rich stream, can be obtained from the gasification/combustion gas mixture.

The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods utilizing regenerative agriculture for the procurement, production, refinement and/or transformation of low carbon intensity transportation fuels, including low carbon intensity biodiesel and/or renewable diesel, low carbon intensity biogasoline, low carbon intensity aviation, marine and kerosene fuels as well as fuel oil blends, low carbon intensity ethanol, and low carbon intensity hydrogen, that may be beneficially commercialized directly to consumers. In further aspects, the systems and methods of the present disclosure advantageously generate low carbon intensity comestibles, including sustainably-sourced meal and/or feed. The disclosed systems and methods may be utilized and optimized such that the resulting fuels and foodstuffs are characterized by a reduction in greenhouse gas production and a diminution in the fertilizer, pesticide and water required for producing the associated crop feedstocks.

An apparatus is disclosed for the pre-capture of carbon from natural gas and/or other light gaseous hydrocarbons and oils, and for co-firing the resulting hydrogen and any remaining hydrocarbons with higher carbon ratio fuels, such as coal and heavy oils and even lower carbon ratio natural gas, in a steam electric generator and/or other boilers, processes, reactors, power plants, engines and combustion turbines, and combined cycle units, to reduce their carbon dioxide production and emissions to the environment, and for co-processing the syngas with other feed materials to react them in a separate vessel and produce a desired outcome.

A system and method of producing synthesis gas and bio-oil from biomass. The method comprises producing, in a gasification unit, synthesis gas from a carbonaceous feedstock, optionally cooling the synthesis gas discharged from the gasification unit, channeling the synthesis gas towards a hydrothermal processing unit, wherein the hydrothermal processing unit is configured to process a biomass feedstock contained in a pressurized water stream, transferring, in the hydrothermal processing unit, heat from the synthesis gas to the biomass feedstock, and producing a hydrothermal product from the biomass feedstock in the pressurized water stream.

An abrupt interface electroreduction catalyst includes a porous gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer providing a sharp reaction interface. The electroreduction catalyst can be used for converting CO.sub.2 into a target product such as ethylene. The porous gas diffusion layer can be hydrophobic and configured for contacting gas-phase CO.sub.2 while the catalyst layer is disposed on and covers a reaction interface side of the porous gas diffusion layer. The catalyst layer has another side contacting an electrolyte and can be hydrophilic, composed a metal such as Cu and is sufficiently thin to prevent diffusion limitations of the reactant in the electrolyte and enhance selectivity for the target product. The electroreduction catalyst can be made by vapor deposition methods and can be used for electrochemical production of ethylene in reaction system.

An air-handling system is provided and includes an air-handling unit (AHU) which outputs exhaust air with relatively high CO.sub.2 content, a cooling tower, which is receptive of the exhaust air from the AHU and which is configured to cool water in the exhaust air and to output exhausted air with the relatively high CO.sub.2 content and relatively high water content, and a duct. The duct is receptive of the exhausted air from the cooling tower and includes an air-conversion element configured to convert the exhausted air into fuel and air with relatively low CO.sub.2 and water content and relatively high oxygen (O.sub.2) content. The duct is configured to direct the air into the AHU.

A Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process with a hybrid membrane/PSA configuration provides high component recoveries from FT off gas with minimum power consumption. Synthesis gas from a synthesis gas production zone is reacted in an FT reaction zone forming a liquid stream and an off gas stream. The off gas from the FT reaction zone, which contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane reactants, is recycled to the synthesis gas production zone. A purge stream from the recycle loop is sent to a membrane separation unit where it is separated into a permeate stream and a residue stream. The residue stream is separated in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit into a fuel gas stream and a second stream. The second stream can be compressed and recycled to the synthesis gas production zone.

A method for reducing CO.sub.2 emissions from steam cracking operations can include: introducing an oxygen-rich stream comprising oxygen and from 0 wt % to 15 wt % nitrogen to a vessel; introducing hydrocarbon combustion fuel to the vessel; combusting oxygen and hydrocarbon combustion fuel in the vessel to (1) produce a flue gas comprising carbon dioxide and water and (2) heat a cracking coil passing through the vessel; and performing a steam cracking reaction in the cracking coil passing through the vessel.

Methods and systems to achieve clean fuel processing systems in which carbon dioxide emissions (1) from sources (2) may be processed in at least one processing reactor (4) containing a plurality of chemoautotrophic bacteria (5) which can convert the carbon dioxide emissions into biomass (6) which may then be used for various products (21) such as biofuels, fertilizer, feedstock, or the like. Sulfate reducing bacteria (13) may be used to supply sulfur containing compounds to the chemoautotrophic bacteria (5).

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) ethanol through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and ethanol distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the ethanol below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the ethanol.