For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur hunker oils is reported as largest source of world-wide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap tow grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting, various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

An ebullated bed hydroprocessing system is upgraded using a dual catalyst system that includes a heterogeneous catalyst and dispersed metal sulfide particles to improve the quality of vacuum residue. The improved quality of vacuum residue can be provided by one or more of reduced viscosity, reduced density (increased API gravity), reduced asphaltene content, reduced carbon residue content, reduced sulfur content, and reduced sediment. Vacuum residue of improved quality can be produced while operating the upgraded ebullated bed reactor at the same or higher severity, temperature, throughput and/or conversion. Similarly, vacuum residue of same or higher quality can be produced while operating the upgraded ebullated bed reactor at higher severity, temperature, throughput and/or conversion.

For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur bunker oils is reported as largest source of world-wide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur bunker oils is reported as largest source of worldwide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

The present invention relates to a process for converting the waste plastics along with the petroleum feedstock in a Catalytic Cracking Unit, in particular a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit employed in petroleum refineries. The invention also provides a method and hardware system to enable waste plastic to fuel conversion along with hydrocarbon catalytic cracking. The invented process aims to convert any type of waste plastic including polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, metal containing Polyethylene-Polypropylene multilayer plastics & other metal containing plastics along with the petroleum derived feedstock such as vacuum gas oil, reduced crude oil, vacuum residue etc. in catalytic cracking unit.

A coke catching apparatus for use in hydrocarbon cracking to assist in the removal of coke and the prevention of coke build up in high coking hydrocarbon processing units. The apparatus includes a grid device for preventing large pieces of coke from entering the outlet of the process refining equipment while allowing small pieces of coke to pass through and be disposed of The coke catching apparatus can be easily disassembled to be removed from the refining process equipment and cleaned.

The present invention relates to a process for converting the waste plastics along with the petroleum feedstock in a Catalytic Cracking Unit, in particular a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit employed in petroleum refineries. The invention also provides a method and hardware system to enable waste plastic to fuel conversion along with hydrocarbon catalytic cracking. The invented process aims to convert any type of waste plastic including polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, metal containing Polyethylene-Polypropylene multilayer plastics & other metal containing plastics along with the petroleum derived feedstock such as vacuum gas oil, reduced crude oil, vacuum residue etc. in catalytic cracking unit.

This disclosure relates to SA alkylation reactor systems. The reactor system involves a closed reactor vessel comprising a shell, a vapor outlet, and an emulsion outlet. The reactor system also involves a distributor located at the lower portion of the reactor vessel, a mixer fluidly connected with the distributor, and an emulsion pump fluidly connected with the mixer and the emulsion outlet, wherein the emulsion pump is located outside the reactor vessel. This disclosure also relates to a split SA alkylation reactor system wherein a single horizontal reactor vessel is divided to accommodate two reactor systems. This disclosure also relates to alkylation processes using the reactor systems. This disclosure also relates to methods of converting an HF alkylation unit to a SA alkylation unit. This disclosure also relates to converted SA alkylation units and alkylation processes performed in the converted SA alkylation units.

An ebullated bed hydroprocessing system is upgraded using a dual catalyst system that includes a heterogeneous catalyst and dispersed metal sulfide particles, which permits recycling of vacuum bottoms without recycle buildup of asphaltenes. The dual catalyst system more effectively converts asphaltenes in the ebullated bed reactor and increases asphaltene conversion by an amount that at least offsets higher asphaltene concentration resulting from recycling of vacuum bottoms. In this way, there is no recycle buildup of asphaltenes in upgraded ebullated bed reactor notwithstanding recycling of vacuum bottoms. In addition, residual dispersed metal sulfide catalyst particles in the vacuum bottoms can maintain or increase the concentration of the dispersed metal sulfide catalyst in the ebullated bed reactor.

This disclosure relates to methods of converting an HF alkylation unit which utilizes HF as a reaction catalyst to a sulfuric acid alkylation unit which utilizes sulfuric acid as a reaction catalyst. This disclosure also relates to a segmented sulfuric acid settler for separating a sulfuric acid phase from a hydrocarbon phase. This disclosure also relates to methods of converting a vertical HF acid settler to a segmented sulfuric acid settler. This disclosure also relates to converted sulfuric acid alkylation units and alkylation processes performed in the converted sulfuric acid alkylation units.