Embodiments of the present invention relate to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. A catalytic system comprises two catalysts in series that are operated in tandem to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as drop-in fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

A dehydrogenative coupling process to convert alkanes to longer chain olefins in a single process step is described. The approach described combats the thermodynamics of traditional dehydrogenation by consuming the products as they form. This dehydrogenative coupling reaction may be performed in a single reactor which could enable increased per-pass yield of desirable C.sub.8+ olefins compared to a traditional two reactors in a series.

Processes and systems that utilize methane pyrolysis for carbon capture from a petrochemical stream that contains hydrogen and methane. The petrochemical stream can be the tail gas of a hydrocarbon cracking system, or any other petrochemical stream containing hydrogen and methane. The petrochemical stream can be separated into a hydrogen product stream and a methane product stream, before sending the methane product stream to a methane pyrolysis unit. The methane pyrolysis unit converts methane to solid carbon and hydrogen.

The process produces a diesel stream from a biorenewable feedstock by hydrotreating to remove heteroatoms and saturate olefins. The recycle gas is recycled to the hydrotreating reactor without removing hydrogen sulfide, which is needed in the biorenewable feed to keep the hydrotreating catalyst active. A purification unit can be utilized on a purge gas stream to purify the gas and improve hydrogen concentration in the recycle gas when added to the recycle gas.

Embodiments of a process for producing high grade coke from crude oil residue include at least partially separating, in a solvent extraction unit, the crude oil residue into a deasphalted oil (DAO)-containing stream and an asphaltene containing-stream, producing a pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, where the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, mixing a supercritical water stream with the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream to create a combined feed stream, introducing the combined feed stream to an upgrading reactor system operating at supercritical temperature and pressure to yield one or more upgrading reactor output streams comprising upgraded product and a slurry mixture, where the slurry mixture comprises sulfur and one or more additional metals. The process also may include calcining the slurry mixture at a temperature of from 700 C. to 1900 C. to produce a product stream comprising the high grade coke.

A non-catalytic hydrogen generation process is provided that supplies hydrogen to a hydrodesulfurization unit and a solid oxide fuel cell system combination, suitable for auxiliary power unit application. The non-catalytic nature of the process enables use of sulfur containing feedstock for generating hydrogen which is needed to process the sulfur containing feed to specifications suitable for the solid oxide fuel cell. Also, the non-catalytic nature of the process with fast dynamic characteristics is specifically applicable for startup and shutdown purposes that are typically needed for mobile applications.

An enhanced natural gas processing method using Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process for the synthesis of sulfur free, clean burning, hydrocarbon fuels, examples of which include syndiesel and aviation fuel. A selection of natural gas, separately or combined with portions of natural gas liquids and FT naphtha and FT vapours are destroyed in a syngas generator and used or recycled as feedstock to an Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor in order to enhance the production of syndiesel from the reactor. The process enhancement results are the maximum production of formulated syndiesel without the presence or formation of low value by-products.

Provided are a liquid-phase hydroisomerization system and a process therefor and use thereof. The system comprises a gas-liquid mixer (3), a hydroisomerization reactor (4) and a fractionating column (6). An oil product and hydrogen are mixed as a liquid hydrogen-oil mixture, and are introduced into the hydroisomerization reactor for a hydroisomerization reaction, and after being fractionated, a target product is led out. A supplemental hydrogen-dissolving inner member is provided at least between a group of two adjacent catalyst bed layers in order to supplement hydrogen to the reactants. The process cancels a circulating hydrogen compressor, has a simple process flow, and can be applied to the production of a lubricant base oil by the hydroisomerization of a lubricant raw material or the production of a low freezing point diesel by the hydroisomerization of and the reduction in the freezing point of a diesel raw material.

A process and system is provided including hydroisomerization reaction zone for production of high octane gasoline blending components that provide high selectivity for producing high octane isomers of light paraffins. A light paraffin feed is enriched by incorporation of dissolved hydrogen, thereby permitting a reaction phase that is liquid or substantially liquid to produce high octane gasoline blending components. Accordingly, a substantially two phase isomerization reactor system is provided, with a hydrogen-enriched liquid feedstock phase and a solid phase catalyst.

A method for the conversion of organic waste and/or biological waste into combustible products includes: feeding a first flow having organic waste and/or biological waste: performing a pyrolysis of the first flow to obtain one or more liquid pyrolysis products, one or more gaseous pyrolysis products, and one or more solid pyrolysis products; mixing the one or more solid pyrolysis products with a first aqueous flow, and subjecting the mixture to oxidation to obtain oxidation products; taking a first gaseous flow from the oxidation products; subjecting the one or more gaseous pyrolysis products to reforming, thereby obtaining one or more reforming products, taking a second gaseous flow from the reforming products, and subjecting the first gaseous flow and the second gaseous flow to catalytic hydrogenation, to obtain at least one first combustible.