Exemplary systems, processes, and methods for combining synthesis gas flows from more than one source or reactor, for example, gasification and biogas steam methane reformation, are provided. The exemplary systems, processes, and methods may be used to generate liquid fuels from farm waste.

Bulk catalysts comprised of nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and titanium and methods for synthesizing bulk catalysts are provided. The catalysts are useful for hydroprocessing, particularly hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation, of hydrocarbon feedstocks.

A process plant and a method for producing a hydrocarbon mixture suitable for use as an aviation fuel having an end-boiling point according to ASTM D86 below 300° C. from a decarboxylation feedstock being a feedstock including fatty acid esters and/or triglycerides and including C18 side-chains, to a deoxygenated hydrocarbon mixture by directing the decarboxylation feedstock to contact a material catalytically active in decarboxylation under decarboxylation conditions where the ratio between deoxygenation by formation of carbon oxides and deoxygenation by formation of water is at least 1.5:1, 2:1 or 3:1, as measured by the ratio of C17 paraffins to C18 paraffins in the deoxygenated hydrocarbon mixture, with the associated benefit of such a decarboxylation based method selectively reducing the product carbon length by a single carbon atom, compared to a hydrodeoxygenation based method, which is beneficial for processes requiring a moderate reduction of end boiling point.

The present invention provides a method of upgrading mixed waste plastic pyrolysis oil comprising the steps of providing a pyrolysis oil stream derived from mixed waste plastic, subjecting the pyrolysis oil stream to fractional condensation to obtain three pyrolysis oil fractions, determining properties of the pyrolysis oil fractions, determining an adjusted proportion of the pyrolysis oil fractions to be fed to a hydro-upgrading section for obtaining a product with a predetermined product specification, feeding the pyrolysis oil fractions in the adjusted proportion to a pyrolysis oil hydro-upgrading section to perform a hydro-upgrading operation, adjusting one or more control parameters of the pyrolysis oil hydro-upgrading section according to the adjusted proportion of the pyrolysis oil fractions and the predetermined product specification; and separating an hydro-upgrading section outlet stream to obtain a product stream with the predetermined product specification. In this way, the upgrading of the pyrolysis oil can be tailored and adapted to the great variability of properties of pyrolysis oil derived from mixed plastic waste pyrolysis in order to obtain a uniform commercial-grade fuel that can achieve a premium market value. The process may comprise in-situ hydrogen generation by water electrolysis powered by solar photovoltaic energy.

Process and plant for producing hydrocarbon products from a feedstock originating from a renewable source, where a hydrogen-rich stream and on off-gas stream comprising hydrocarbons is formed. A portion of the hydrogen-rich stream is used as a recycle gas stream in a hydroprocessing stage for the production of said hydrocarbon products, and another portion may be used for hydrogen production, while the off-gas stream is treated to remove its H.sub.2S content and used as a recycle gas stream in the hydrogen producing unit, from which the hydrogen produced i.e. make-up hydrogen, is used in the hydroprocessing stage. The invention enables minimizing natural gas consumption in the hydrogen producing unit as well as steam reformer size.

A process for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the process as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the process. The process also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil. An apparatus for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the apparatus. The apparatus also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil.

The present disclosure provides a method of treating waste plastic pyrolysis oil. The method includes a first step of washing waste plastic pyrolysis oil with water and then removing moisture; a second step of mixing the waste plastic pyrolysis oil from which the moisture is removed and a sulfur source to prepare a mixed oil; a third step of hydrotreating the mixed oil with hydrogen gas in the presence of a hydrotreating catalyst; a fourth step of separating the hydrotreated mixed oil into a liquid stream and a gas stream to obtain liquid pyrolysis oil; and a fifth step of recovering hydrogen gas from the separated gas stream and recycling the recovered hydrogen gas to the third step.

A process and/or system for producing fuel using renewable hydrogen having a reduced carbon intensity. The renewable hydrogen is produced in a hydrogen production process comprising methane reforming, wherein at least a portion of the feedstock for the hydrogen production process comprises upgraded biogas sourced from a plurality of biogas plants. Each of the upgraded biogases is produced in a process that includes collecting biogas comprising methane and carbon dioxide, capturing at least 50% of the carbon dioxide originally present in the collected biogas and producing the upgraded biogas. Storage of the captured carbon dioxide reducing a carbon intensity of the fuel, without having to provide carbon capture and storage of carbon dioxide from hydrogen production.

A process for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the process as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the process. The process also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil. An apparatus for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the apparatus. The apparatus also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil.

Methods for liquefaction of carbonaceous materials, including methods that use electromagnetic radiation. Systems for liquefaction of carbonaceous materials. The systems may include a circulation conduit for mixing reactants, and/or a heating apparatus that relies on electromagnetic radiation.