Disclosed herein is an agglomeration-resistant desulfurizing product for removing contaminants from a fluid stream. The agglomeration-resistant desulfurizing product comprising a metal oxide composition for reacting with contaminants and a polymeric crystallization inhibitor for reducing the agglomeration of the desulfurizing product resulting from using the desulfurizing product. A method to produce the agglomeration-resistant desulfurizing product and a method to treat a fluid stream is also disclosed.

This disclosure relates to a liquid syndiotactic polyalphaolefin, sPAO, comprising one or more C.sub.4 to C.sub.24 monomers, said sPAO having: a) an rr triad content of 5 to 50% as measured by .sup.13C NMR; b) an mr triad content of 25 to 60% as measured by .sup.13C NMR, where the mr to mm triad ratio is at least 1.0; c) a pour point of Z C. or less, where Z=0.0648X51.2, where X=kinematic viscosity at 100 C. as reported in centistokes (cSt); d) a kinematic viscosity at 100 C. of 100 cSt or more (alternatively 200 cSt or more); e) a ratio of mr triads to rr triad (as determined by .sup.13C NMR) of less than 9; f) a ratio of vinylidene to 1,2-disubstituted olefins (as determined by .sup.1H NMR) of less than 8; g) a viscosity index of 120 or more; and h) an Mn of 40,000 or less. This disclosure further relates to processes to make and use sPAOs, including those having any combination of characterics a) to h).

A unique process and catalyst is described that operates efficiently for the direct production of a high cetane diesel type fuel or diesel type blending stock from stochiometric mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This invention allows for, but is not limited to, the economical and efficient production high quality diesel type fuels from small or distributed fuel production plants that have an annual production capacity of less than 10,000 barrels of product per day, by eliminating traditional wax upgrading processes. This catalytic process is ideal for distributed diesel fuel production plants such as gas to liquids production and other applications that require optimized economics based on supporting distributed feedstock resources.

Provided herein are supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems for upgrading a petroleum-based composition by using one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors that alternate functions such that the supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor and the supercritical standby reactor is converted to a supercritical upgrading reactor. The supercritical upgrading reactor upgrades a combined feed stream while a supercritical standby reactor delivers a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor. The supercritical reactors may have one or more catalyst layers and one or more purging fluid inlets, and the catalyst layers may have differing void volume ratios.

A process for the hydrocracking of heavy oils and/or oil residues, the process comprising the step of contacting the heavy oils and/or oil residues with a non-metallised carbonaceous additive in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas at a temperature of from 250 C. to 600 C. wherein the non-metallised carbonaceous additive has an average pore size of at least 2 nm.

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems are provided for upgrading a petroleum-based composition using one or more purging fluid inlets to prevent plugging of the catalyst layer in the reactor. Processes for upgrading petroleum-based compositions by utilizing a reactor having at least one purging fluid inlet are also provided.

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems for upgrading a petroleum-based compositions comprising one or more catalyst layers and, in some embodiments, one or more purging fluid inlets, where one or more catalyst layers at least partially sift and convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions to light hydrocarbon fractions to produce an upgraded supercritical reactor product. In some embodiments, upgrading reactor systems comprise one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors alternating functions such that a supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor and the supercritical standby reactor is converted to a supercritical upgrading reactor, where the supercritical upgrading reactor upgrades a combined feed stream while a supercritical standby reactor delivers a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor.

The invention relates to a process of the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or the oxidation of an alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, comprising contacting a first gas stream comprising methane, an inert gas or oxygen or any combination of two or more of these, wherein the first gas stream comprises 0 to 2 vol. % of the alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, with a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and optionally tellurium; followed by contacting a second gas stream comprising oxygen and the alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or the alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms with the catalyst.

A method of preparing a spray dried catalyst by combining spray dried catalyst particles with wax so the spray dried catalyst particles are coated with wax, yielding wax coated catalyst particles, and shaping the wax coated catalyst to provide shaped wax coated catalyst. A method of activating Fischer-Tropsch catalyst particles containing oxides by contacting the catalyst particles with a reducing gas in an activation vessel to produce an activated catalyst, wherein contacting is performed in the absence of a liquid medium under activation conditions. A system for activating a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst containing an activation reactor configured to introduce an activation gas to a fixed or fluidized bed of the Fischer-Tropsch catalyst in the absence of a liquid medium and at least one separation device configured to separate a gas stream comprising entrained catalyst fines having an average particle size below a desired cutoff size from the activation reactor.

The present invention discloses a catalyst and process for hydrocracking of heavy hydrocarbon oils having majority portion boiling above 525 C. in the presence of hydrogen. A process comprising first step of converting heavy oil into lighter products in the presence of catalyst and hydrogen in slurry phase is disclosed. The process further comprises recycling of part of liquid products (HVGO) along with fresh heavy oil for improving the product selectivity. This recycled HVGO is having high concentrations of aromatics compounds. The separation of particles generated during the reaction at reactor exit also avoids the chances of choking of downstream sections.