Methods for making sulfide scavenging compositions are provided. The method comprises reducing a settling velocity of the sulfide scavenging composition in a fluid stream by adjusting the specific gravity of the sulfide scavenging composition to within about fifteen percent or less of the specific gravity of the fluid stream. Sulfide scavengers using the above method are also disclosed. Methods for removing sulfides from fluid streams are also provided. The methods include adding the above sulfide scavengers to fluid streams.

The invention relates to a method of separating and purifying products from a hydrothermal and/or solvothermal conversion process of carbonaceous material adapted to convert a feed stream comprising carbonaceous material at a pressure of at least 100 bar and a temperature of at least 300? C., where the converted feed stream (product mixture) comprises a mixture of CO.sub.2 containing gas, an oil phase, an aqueous phase comprising water soluble organics and dissolved salts, and inorganic solid phase; where the product mixture is cooled to a temperature in the range 40 to 250? C., and depressurized to a pressure in the range 1 to 30 bar, the method comprisingseparating a gas comprising CO.sub.2 from the product mixture in a degasser such as a flash separator, andseparating a water phase from the at least partly degassed converted feed mixture in a first separation step of the separation, and adding washing agents in the form of an acidifying agent and a diluent to the at least partly degassed and at least partly dewatched product mixture, and separating the mixture with added washing agents into an oil rich phase, a water rich phase and a solid rich phase in a second step of the separation process, and further at least partly recovering the diluent from the oil rich phase.

The present invention relates to an improved bitumen recovery process from oil sands. The oil sands may be surface mined and transported to a treatment area or may be treated directly by means of an in situ process of oil sand deposits that are located too deep for strip mining. Specifically, the present invention involves the step of treating oil sands with an aromatic amine.

The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of diesel range hydrocarbons wherein a feed is hydrotreated in a hydrotreating step and isomerised in an isomerisation step, and a feed comprising fresh feed containing more than 5 wt % of free fatty acids and at least one diluting agent is hydrotreated at a reaction temperature of 200-400 C., in a hydrotreating reactor in the presence of catalyst, and the ratio of the diluting agent/fresh feed is 5-30:1.

A process for the decoking of a hydrocarbon steam cracking furnace having a firebox, radiant coils, a transfer line exchanger, and an oil quench connection wherein liquid quench oil is injected to directly cool the steam-cracked effluent. Decoking feed comprising steam and air is supplied to the furnace under conditions sufficient to at least partially combust coke accumulated on the interior of the radiant coils, the transfer line exchanger, and the quench connection. Quench steam is supplied and injected into the decoking process effluent in an amount sufficient to cool the decoking process effluent below the metallurgical temperature limit of downstream piping. Also, a pyrolysis furnace for the production of ethylene is also provided.

A method is disclosed for hydrodeoxygenation of a bio-oil over a catalyst bed in a hydrodeoxygenation reactor, the method including combining a two-phase diluent having a water dew point and a bio-oil at a bio-oil temperature that is from 50? F. less than to 50? F. more than the water dew point. The two-phase diluent includes a liquid phase and a vapor phase, where the liquid phase includes a hydrocarbon and the vapor phase includes hydrogen and water.

Treatment of streams containing hydrogen and/or hydrocarbons, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with alkyl carbonates, such as dimethylcarbonate, alone or together with at least one solvent results in reduction or removal of hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) that is present to give easily removed alkyl sulfides and/or mercaptans. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original hydrogen sulfide into alkyl sulfides and/or mercaptans that can be extracted from the stream with caustic solutions, mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Processes and systems for stabilization and subsequent hydrogenation of an immiscible olefin are described. In certain embodiments, the hydrogenation is conducted in a fixed bed reactor in presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.

Processes and systems for hydrocarbon pyrolysis. In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon can be heated within a convection section of a steam cracking furnace and combined with an aqueous fluid to produce a heated mixture. A heavy feed that includes a plastic material can be introduced into a vessel and a portion of the plastic material can be cracked therein. Liquid and vapor effluents exiting the vessel can be obtained. At least a portion of the liquid effluent can be heated to produce a heated fluid stream that can be recycled to the vessel. The vapor effluent can be combined with the heated mixture to produce a combined mixture that can be heated within the convection section to produce a heated combined mixture. At least a portion of the heated combined mixture can be cracked within a radiant section of the steam cracking furnace to produce a steam cracker effluent.

Methods and compositions for stabilization and subsequent hydrogenation of a microbial-derived immiscible olefin are described. The methods comprise separating immiscible olefin from a mixture comprising an aqueous solution, microbial cells and immiscible olefin thereby forming a crude olefin composition; purifying the crude olefin composition thereby forming a purified olefin composition; and adding a phenolic antioxidant to the purified olefin composition wherein the phenolic antioxidant is a phenol derivative containing an unfused phenyl ring with one or more hydroxyl substituents. The methods further comprise reacting the purified olefin composition with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogen catalyst such that hydrogen saturates at least one double bond in the olefin. Hydrogenated compositions produced by the methods are further provided.