The process includes activating a char in an oven by heating the char with steam to generate activated carbon and syngas. The process also includes monitoring parameters of the syngas produced and controlling the oven in response to the parameter. The process converts a feedstock, typically organic waste, into useable products.

High concentrations of recycle polymer are gasified in a partial oxidation gasifier to make a syngas useful to make a variety of chemicals and polymers, such as cellulose ester. Polymers such as cellulose esters can be made that are obtained from sustainable sources, recycle sources, and are biodegradable. Circularity in the manufacture of textiles and/or plastics made from the fibers of such cellulose esters can now be achieved. The process of making such a syngas from high concentrations of recycle polymer (e.g. textiles and/or plastics) includes campaigning for the production of syngas.

A multi-stage product gas generation system converts a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas which may subsequently be converted into a liquid fuel or other material. One or more reactors containing bed material may be used to conduct reactions to effect the conversions. Unreacted inert feedstock contaminants present in the carbonaceous material may be separated from bed material using a portion of the product gas. A heat transfer medium collecting heat from a reaction in one stage may be applied as a reactant input in another, earlier stage.

The present invention discloses a gasifier and/or a gasification process that provides a long, uniform temperature zone in the gasifier, regardless of the particle size, chemical composition, and moisture content of the fuel by sandwiching a reduction zones between two oxidation zones. The gasifier and/or gasification process has a char that is more energy-dense and almost devoid of moisture that affords for an additional (or char) oxidation zone with a temperature that is higher than a first oxidation zone which is closer to an evaporation and devolatilization zone. As such, the additional (or char) oxidation zone contributes to augmenting the reduction zone temperature, thereby providing a favorable dual impact in improving syngas composition and near-complete conversion of the tar.

Densified textile aggregates are co-fed with a fuel into a partial oxidation gasifier. High solids concentrations in the feedstock composition can be obtained without significant impact on the feedstock composition stability and pumpability. A consistent quality of syngas can be continuously produced, including generation of carbon dioxide and a carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio while stably operating the gasifier and avoiding the high tar generation of fluidized bed or fixed bed waste gasifiers and without impacting the operations of the gasifier. The syngas quality, composition, and throughput are suitable for produce a wide range of chemicals.

Pre-ground plastics of small particle size not more than 2 mm are co-fed into a solid fossil fuel fed entrained flow partial oxidation gasifier. High solids concentrations in the feedstock stream can be obtained without significant impact on the feedstock stream stability and pumpability. A consistent quality of syngas can be continuously produced, including generation of carbon dioxide and a carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio while stably operating the gasifier and avoiding the high tar generation of fluidized bed or fixed bed waste gasifiers and without impacting the operations of the gasifier. The subsequent syngas produced from this material can be used to produce a wide range of chemicals.

The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses of producing hydrogen. The methods comprise: (a) contacting a plastic with a catalyst and a gas feed; and (b) applying a microwave at a first temperature. The apparatuses comprise: a reactor for mixing plastic with a catalyst to form a mixture; an inlet for introducing a gas feed; a microwave generator; an optional temperature sensor; and an outlet configured to exhaust the product hydrogen formed in the reactor.

A process for the manufacture of one or more useful products comprises: gasifying a carbonaceous feedstock comprising waste materials and/or biomass in a gasification zone to generate a raw synthesis gas; supplying at least a portion of the raw synthesis gas to a clean-up zone to remove contaminants and provide a clean synthesis gas; supplying the clean synthesis gas to a first further reaction train to generate at least one first useful product and a tailgas; and diverting selectively on demand a portion of at least one of the carbonaceous feedstock, the clean synthesis gas, the tailgas and the light gas fraction to heat or power generation within the process, in response to external factors to control the carbon intensity of the overall process and enable GHG emission savings.

The present invention discloses a gasifier and/or a gasification process that provides a long, uniform temperature zone in the gasifier, regardless of the particle size, chemical composition, and moisture content of the fuel by sandwiching a reduction zones between two oxidation zones. The gasifier and/or gasification process has a char that is more energy-dense and almost devoid of moisture that affords for an additional (or char) oxidation zone with a temperature that is higher than a first oxidation zone which is closer to an evaporation and devolatilization zone. As such, the additional (or char) oxidation zone contributes to augmenting the reduction zone temperature, thereby providing a favorable dual impact in improving syngas composition and near-complete conversion of the tar.

Fuel production system includes: synthesis gas generation unit configured to generate synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from carbon-containing raw material; fuel production unit configured to produce fuel from synthesis gas generated; water electrolyzer configured to electrolyze water to generate water-electrolyzed hydrogen; hydrogen supply unit configured to supply water-electrolyzed hydrogen generated to synthesis gas generation unit; and controller. The controller is configured to perform: calculating input energy based on first energy possessed by raw material, second energy consumed by water electrolyzer, third energy consumed by synthesis gas generation unit, and fourth energy consumed by fuel production unit; calculating recovered energy based on fifth energy possessed by fuel produced; and determining supply amount of water-electrolyzed hydrogen to be supplied based on input energy and recovered energy calculated.