The present invention pertains to a process for refining of crude tall oil (CTO). The process comprises fractionation under vacuum of a refined CTO into at least one stream of refined tall diesel (RTD) or tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), the RTD or TOFA comprises from 2-30% by volume of resin acids and from 20-90% by volume of fatty acids, and at least one stream of resin acid(s) (RA) comprising less than 5% by volume of fatty acids. The stream of RTD or TOFA is deoxygenated forming hydrocarbon compounds in a subsequent step. This invention also relates to a refined tall diesel. Furthermore, a process for the production of a refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, wherein crude sulphate turpentine(s) (CST) is added to the refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, is described.

The present invention pertains to a process for refining of crude tall oil (CTO). The process comprises fractionation under vacuum of a refined CTO into at least one stream of refined tall diesel (RTD) or tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), the RTD or TOFA comprises from 2-30% by volume of resin acids and from 20-90% by volume of fatty acids, and at least one stream of resin acid(s) (RA) comprising less than 5% by volume of fatty acids. The stream of RTD or TOFA is deoxygenated forming hydrocarbon compounds in a subsequent step. This invention also relates to a refined tall diesel. Furthermore, a process for the production of a refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, wherein crude sulphate turpentine(s) (CST) is added to the refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, is described.

Acyclic monterpene alcohols, like linalool, to be converted through a series of highly efficient catalytic reactions a biogasoline blending component, and a drop-in biodiesel fuel.

A method for bonding a fluid to a substance includes filling a first pressure vessel with the fluid and pressurizing the first pressure vessel to a first pressure. The fluid is the circulated through an electric arc formed within the first pressure vessel, thereby creating a treated fluid. Within a second pressure vessel, the substance is exposed to a magnetic field, thereby forming a polarized substance. The treated fluid and polarized substance are combined under a second pressure within a third pressure vessel, thereby exposing the treated fluid to the polarized substance at a pressure sufficient to achieve a bond.

A method for bonding a fluid to a substance includes filling a first pressure vessel with the fluid and pressurizing the first pressure vessel to a first pressure. The fluid is the circulated through an electric arc formed within the first pressure vessel, thereby creating a treated fluid. Within a second pressure vessel, the substance is exposed to a magnetic field, thereby forming a polarized substance. The treated fluid and polarized substance are combined under a second pressure within a third pressure vessel, thereby exposing the treated fluid to the polarized substance at a pressure sufficient to achieve a bond.

Dehydration method for a liquid or gaseous effluent selected from LPG, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, solvents and natural gases, by inserting the liquid or gaseous effluent against gravity through a drying column having a drying bed with an initial height (H+h) constituted in its lower area by an inert material bed having the height of h and in its upper area by deliquescent desiccants having an initial height of H. The deliquescent desiccants have an initial weight of between 3 and 40 g, the h/H ratio is lower than 0.49, and the inert material has a specific surface area greater than 100 m2/m3 and lower than 800 m2/m3. The method further includes separating water obtained from the liquid or gaseous effluent.

Dehydration method for a liquid or gaseous effluent selected from LPG, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, solvents and natural gases, by inserting the liquid or gaseous effluent against gravity through a drying column having a drying bed with an initial height (H+h) constituted in its lower area by an inert material bed having the height of h and in its upper area by deliquescent desiccants having an initial height of H. The deliquescent desiccants have an initial weight of between 3 and 40 g, the h/H ratio is lower than 0.49, and the inert material has a specific surface area greater than 100 m2/m3 and lower than 800 m2/m3. The method further includes separating water obtained from the liquid or gaseous effluent.

Methods of making fuel are described herein. A method may include providing a first working fluid, a second working fluid, and a third working fluid. The method may also include exposing the first working fluid to a first high voltage electric field to produce a first plasma, exposing the second working fluid to a second high voltage electric field to produce a second plasma, and exposing the third working fluid to a third high voltage electric field to produce a third plasma. The method may also include providing and contacting a carbon-based feedstock with the third plasma, the second plasma, and the first plasma within a processing chamber to form a mixture, cooling the mixture using a heat exchange device to form a cooled mixture, and contacting the cooled mixture with a catalyst to form a fuel.

The present disclosure provides a versatile process for producing valuable renewable hydrocarbons from triglyceride containing feedstock. The triglyceride containing feedstock is first split to provide a mixture containing fatty acids, glycerol and water, from which a phase separation provides an oily phase, and an aqueous phase. The oily phase containing fatty acids is subjected to fractionation, whereby specific fractions may be refined to products with controlled hydroprocessing. Products may contain paraffinic renewable aviation fuel components, paraffinic renewable base oil, renewable paraffinic diesel fuel components, renewable paraffinic technical fluid, or any combination thereof.

The invention relates to a process for the conversion of hydrogen and one or more oxides of carbon to hydrocarbons, which process comprises: contacting hydrogen and one or more oxides of carbon with a catalyst in a reaction zone; removing from the reaction zone an outlet stream comprising unreacted hydrogen, unreacted one or more oxides of carbon and one or more hydrocarbons and feeding the outlet stream to a separation zone in which the outlet stream is divided into at least three fractions, in which; a first fraction predominantly comprises unreacted hydrogen, unreacted one or more oxides of carbon and hydrocarbons having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a second fraction predominantly comprises hydrocarbons having 5 to 9 carbon atoms, at least a portion of which hydrocarbons having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms are olefinic; and a third fraction predominantly comprises hydrocarbons having 10 or more carbon atoms; characterised in that at least a portion of the second fraction is recycled to the reaction zone.