A bio emulsion fuel manufacturing apparatus and method using vegetable oil is provided, including an oil tank unit configured to refine a vegetable oil introduced from an oil inlet by using a coagulant agent and a centrifugal decanter; a water tank unit configured to pretreat a water introduced from a water inlet by using a water tank catalyst; a mixed oil unit connected to the oil tank unit and the water tank unit, and configured to produce a mixed oil by using an inline mixer; and an ionization catalyst unit connected to the mixed oil unit and configured to convert the mixed oil to a bio emulsion fuel by using an ionization catalyst group.

A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine contains water, a fuel, and an emulsifier package containing a quaternary ammonium surfactant. A method for powering a diesel engine with the fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of the emulsifier package. An emulsifier package for emulsifying a fuel and water contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant and at least one nonionic surfactant, which is an alkoxylate. The quaternary ammonium surfactant is obtainable by reacting a quaternizable nitrogen compound containing at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group with a quaternizing agent, which converts the at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, where the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with a free hydrocarbyl-substituted polycarboxylic acid.

The invention relates to oil-in-water (water continuous) emulsions that can be used as fuels, and which have high static and dynamic stability, to a process for their preparation, and to fuel compositions comprising such emulsions.

A method for powering a diesel engine with a fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of an emulsifier package, which contains a branched surfactant of the formula (I) as defined below and optionally, a propoxylated surfactant of the formula (II) as defined below. A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine is also provided.

A method for powering a diesel engine with a fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of an emulsifier package, which contains a short-chained surfactant of the formula (I) as defined below and optionally, a long-chained surfactant of the formula (II) as defined below. A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine is also provided.

Declared composition of the fuel-water emulsion and the method of treating the fuel before combustion in a developed cavitation mode are designed to reduce emissions of exhaust and greenhouse gases of internal combustion engines and boilers using diesel fuel and other types of liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for increasing the amount of a hydrocarbon oil, said method being characterized by comprising mixing air-bubbled water with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce a mixed solution, mixing the mixed solution with a hydrocarbon oil to produce an emulsion, and bringing the emulsion into contact with a gas or an aqueous solution each containing carbon dioxide, wherein the amount of the hydrocarbon oil is increased in accordance with the reactions represented by (formula 1) and (formula 2): (1) C.sub.nH.sub.m+CH.sub.3OH.fwdarw.C.sub.n+1H.sub.m+2+H.sub.2O, (2) (1)(Formula 3)+(Formula 4), (3) C.sub.nH.sub.m+CO.sub.2+H.sub.2O.fwdarw.C.sub.n+1H.sub.m+2+3/2O.sub.2, and (4) C.sub.nH.sub.m+CO.sub.2+2H.sub.2O.fwdarw.C.sub.n+1H.sub.m+4+2O.sub.2.

Compositions and methods for production of fatty alcohols using recombinant microorganisms are provided as well as fatty alcohol compositions produced by such methods.

A bio emulsion fuel manufacturing apparatus and method using vegetable oil is provided, including an oil tank unit configured to refine a vegetable oil introduced from an oil inlet by using a coagulant agent and a centrifugal decanter; a water tank unit configured to pretreat a water introduced from a water inlet by using a water tank catalyst; a mixed oil unit connected to the oil tank unit and the water tank unit, and configured to produce a mixed oil by using an inline mixer; and an ionization catalyst unit connected to the mixed oil unit and configured to convert the mixed oil to a bio emulsion fuel by using an ionization catalyst group.

It has been discovered that contaminants such as metals and/or amines can be transferred from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase in an emulsion breaking process by using a composition that contains water-soluble C5-C12 polyhydroxy carboxylic acids, ammonium salts thereof, alkali metal salts thereof, and mixtures of all of these. The composition may also optionally include a mineral acid to reduce the pH of the desalter wash water. The method permits transfer of metals and/or amines into the aqueous phase with little or no hydrocarbon phase under-carry into the aqueous phase. Resolving the emulsion into the hydrocarbon phase and the aqueous phase occurs in a refinery desalting process using electrostatic coalescence. The composition is particularly useful in treating crude oil emulsions, and in removing calcium and other metals therefrom. The polyhydroxy carboxylic acid additionally inhibits metal corrosion of metal pipe or other equipment used in a crude unit.