The invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil phase and an aqueous phase, and a primary surfactant, wherein the oil phase is dispersed in the aqueous phase, and wherein the oil-in-water emulsion has: an average droplet size distribution (D[4,3]) in the range of from 3 to 15 m and less than 3 wt % of the droplets have a particle size of greater than 125 m; a viscosity of greater than 100 and up to 700 mPas at 50 C.10% and 20 s.sup.110%; and a static stability of less than 5% residue after centrifugation at 50 C.10% and 2000 g=10% for 30 minutes10%. A process for preparing such an oil-in-water emulsion comprises preparing an aqueous phase comprising a primary surfactant, heating a hydrocarbon-containing oil-phase, and blending the hydrocarbon-containing oil and the aqueous phase under conditions sufficient to form an oil-in-water emulsion. The invention also relates to methods for determining the static and dynamic stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Static stability can be determined by a method comprising the steps of: providing an oil-in-water emulsion; centrifuging the oil-in-water emulsion under predetermined conditions for a predetermined period of time; determining the amount of residue deposited from the oil-in-water emulsion after the predetermined period of time; and determining the oil-in-water emulsion's static stability. A method for determining the dynamic stability of an oil-in-water emulsion comprises the steps of: providing an oil-in-water emulsion; analysing the oil-in-water emulsion at a first time; recirculating the oil-in-water emulsion in a recirculation loop; and analysing the oil-in-water emulsion at second time after recirculation has started; in which the oil-in-water emulsion's dynamic stability is determined based on the analysis at the first and second times.

A method of formulating a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines includes the step of providing a fuel. In addition, there is the step of forming the fuel composition by adding to the fuel a polar fluid and an emulsifier. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion. The emulsifier includes an active surfactant mixture of oleic acid and ammonium oleate, wherein the ratio of oleic acid to ammonium oleate is no more than 60:40.

Disclosed herein is a method for synthesizing a nano-emulsion fuel composition. The method may include forming a water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing water into a fossil fuel in the presence of a surfactant, synthesizing carbon quantum dots with an average diameter between 0.5 nanometers to 20 nanometers, forming a mixture of the synthesized carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing the synthesized carbon quantum dots into the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion; the carbon quantum dots comprising 1 ppm to 10000 ppm of the mixture, and forming a nano-emulsion fuel composition by mixing a biofuel into the mixture of carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion.

Explosive compositions are disclosed herein. The compositions include a diesel fuel and a vacuum gas oil. Some compositions disclosed herein include an emulsion that includes an oxidizer in a discontinuous phase and a blend of diesel fuel and vacuum gas oil in a continuous phase. Methods of manufacturing explosive compositions are also disclosed herein.

Disclosed herein is a method for synthesizing a nano-emulsion fuel composition. The method may include forming a water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing water into a fossil fuel in the presence of a surfactant, synthesizing carbon quantum dots with an average diameter between 0.5 nanometers to 20 nanometers, forming a mixture of the synthesized carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing the synthesized carbon quantum dots into the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion; the carbon quantum dots comprising 1 ppm to 10000 ppm of the mixture, and forming a nano-emulsion fuel composition by mixing a biofuel into the mixture of carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion.

An emulsion comprising water and an immiscible predominantly hydrocarbon-based liquid, wherein the emulsion further comprises at least one protein for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, said protein containing or being capable of binding to one of: a monosaccharide and an oligosaccharide. Uses of the invention include, but are not limited to: applications in oil well/fracking operations where it is necessary or desirable to neutralise bacteria in the extracted liquid; as an additive emulsion for bio-diesel to reduce emissions, such as NOx etc.; and as an additive in the water of heating/cooling systems for its biocidal properties.

A method for powering a diesel engine with a fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of an emulsifier package, which contains a branched surfactant of the formula (I) as defined below and optionally, a propoxylated surfactant of the formula (II) as defined below. A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine is also provided.

The present invention relates to a combustion additive comprising iron oxide nanoparticles; a fuel based on natural plant and animal fats and oils; and a method for producing the same. The production method allows up to 100% of the raw material, both virgin and waste fats and oils, to be used. The combustion additive and the fuel are useful in the combustion process; for example, in diesel-type alternative combustion engines.

Provided is a fuel composition prepared by adding gas-to-liquid oil and water to light cycle oil to conduct emulsification. The fuel composition is used as a fuel for a diesel engine (12) in a ship (10). The ship (10) includes a fresh water tank (15), an LCO tank (13), and a GTL tank (14) configured to store water, light cycle oil, and gas-to-liquid oil, respectively, and a mixer (16) configured to mix the water, the light cycle oil, and the gas-to-liquid oil fed from the respective tanks to produce the fuel composition.

A method for powering a diesel engine with a fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of an emulsifier package, which contains a short-chained surfactant of the formula (I) as defined below and optionally, a long-chained surfactant of the formula (II) as defined below. A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine is also provided.