A hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system can comprise a biomass slurry source, a first pump in fluid communication with the slurry source and configured to pressurize a biomass slurry stream from the slurry source to a first pressure, a first heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the first pump to a first temperature, a second pump in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and configured to pressurize a slurry stream received from the first heat exchanger to a second pressure higher than the first pressure, a second heat exchanger in fluid communication with the second pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the second pump to a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and a HTL reactor configured to produce biocrude from a slurry stream received from the second heat exchanger.

A hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system can comprise a biomass slurry source, a first pump in fluid communication with the slurry source and configured to pressurize a biomass slurry stream from the slurry source to a first pressure, a first heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the first pump to a first temperature, a second pump in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and configured to pressurize a slurry stream received from the first heat exchanger to a second pressure higher than the first pressure, a second heat exchanger in fluid communication with the second pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the second pump to a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and a HTL reactor configured to produce biocrude from a slurry stream received from the second heat exchanger.

A process for preparing methanol by a methanol synthesis reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen may involve a distillation step and a condensation step following the synthesis of a crude methanol. A volatile component and water may be separated off from a methanol-containing product stream, and a gas stream containing a volatile component that has been separated off may be discharged at least partially as offgas. At least part of the gas stream that has been separated off may be recirculated into the methanol synthesis reaction. A plant for preparing methanol can store or utilize electric power generated from renewable energy sources and provide facilities for discharging the offgas stream, which can be purified by catalytic after-combustion. Alternatively, the plant can be configured without discharge of an offgas substream, or the offgas streams are so small that they can be released without treatment into the environment at a suitable position.

A process for preparing methanol by a methanol synthesis reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen may involve a distillation step and a condensation step following the synthesis of a crude methanol. A volatile component and water may be separated off from a methanol-containing product stream, and a gas stream containing a volatile component that has been separated off may be discharged at least partially as offgas. At least part of the gas stream that has been separated off may be recirculated into the methanol synthesis reaction. A plant for preparing methanol can store or utilize electric power generated from renewable energy sources and provide facilities for discharging the offgas stream, which can be purified by catalytic after-combustion. Alternatively, the plant can be configured without discharge of an offgas substream, or the offgas streams are so small that they can be released without treatment into the environment at a suitable position.

Described herein are catalysts and methods for converting waste biogas (e.g., a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane) into useful products. In some embodiments, the biogas is converted into a highly purified methane, that can be further processed to generate fuel products, including recycled natural gas (RNG) and liquid fuels. The described catalysts and methods may be advantageous over conventional methods, including by reducing catalyst costs, decreasing temperature requirements and/or providing higher purity products by reducing carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in product streams.

The device (100) for hybrid production of synthetic dihydrogen and/or synthetic methane comprises: an inlet (105) for a synthesis gas stream preferably comprising at least CO and H.sub.2, a catalytic conversion reactor (110), the following alternative configurations: a first configuration in which the operating conditions of the reactor promote a Sabatier reaction, so as to produce an outlet gas comprising mainly methane, or a second configuration in which the operating conditions of the reactor promote a water gas shift reaction, so as to produce an outlet gas comprising mainly dihydrogen; an outlet (115) for synthetic dihydrogen and/or synthetic methane and a control system (120) comprising a means (121) for selecting a configuration for operating the reactor and a control means (122) according to the selected configuration, the reactor being configured to operate according to a command.

Provided is a device that uses a high-temperature exhaust gas released from an internal combustion engine to produce a fuel. The present invention relates to the fuel production device including the internal combustion engine, an electrolysis device connected to the internal combustion engine, and a hydrogenation reactor connected to the electrolysis device, wherein the electrolysis device is a device for decomposing high-temperature water vapor contained in the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogenation reactor is a device for converting the hydrogen resulting from the decomposition to the fuel.

Provided is a device that uses a high-temperature exhaust gas released from an internal combustion engine to produce a fuel. The present invention relates to the fuel production device including the internal combustion engine, an electrolysis device connected to the internal combustion engine, and a hydrogenation reactor connected to the electrolysis device, wherein the electrolysis device is a device for decomposing high-temperature water vapor contained in the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogenation reactor is a device for converting the hydrogen resulting from the decomposition to the fuel.

An embodiment provides a method for recycling tires, including: injecting, using a pump, a rubber material into a dissociating system, wherein the pump exerts a mechanical force upon the rubber material to reduce a size of the rubber material; within the dissociating system, creating a rubber material mixture, by: injecting a supercritical fluid to be mixed with the rubber material; heating, using a heat source, the rubber material mixture; and atomizing the rubber material mixture; and sending the resulting atomized rubber material mixture to a separating system to separate the rubber material mixture into different components. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Processes, systems, and associated control methodologies are disclosed that control the flow of biogas during the biogas cleanup process to create a more consistent flow of biogas through the digester, while also optimizing the output and efficiency of the overall renewable natural gas facility. In representative embodiments, a biogas buffer storage system may be used during the cleanup process to control the pressure and flow rate of biogas. The biogas buffer storage system may monitor and control the biogas flow rate to either bring down or increase the digester pressure, thereby maintaining a normalized biogas flow rate.