A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condenser (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a power conversion system that may comprise a direct plasma to electric converter such as a plasmadynamic converter, magnetohydrodynamic converter, electromagnetic direct (crossed field or drift) converter, direct converter, and charge drift converter or a thermal to electric power converter such as a Rankine or Brayton-type power plant.

A process of operating a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (SI-ICE) with improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions including under steady state and under lean-operating conditions at high overall air to fuel (AFR) ratios. A first supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel, such as gasoline or natural gas, and a first supply of oxidant are fed to a fuel reformer to produce a gaseous reformate with a reforming efficiency of greater than 75 percent relative to equilibrium. The gaseous reformate is mixed with a second supply of oxidant, after which the resulting reformate blended oxidant is fed with a second supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel to the SI-ICE for combustion. Steady state fuel efficiency is improved by more than 3 percent, when the reformate comprises from greater than about 1 to less than about 18 percent of the total volume of reformate blended oxidant fed to the engine.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator to generate soot or to increase the amount of soot generated improves the performance of a furnace with which the thermochemical regenerator is operated.

Operation of a thermochemical regenerator to generate soot or to increase the amount of soot generated improves the performance of a furnace with which the thermochemical regenerator is operated.

Fuel gas compositions for use in metal fabrication are provided comprising fuel gases comprising a base fuel gas mixed with from about 1% to less than 30% hydrogen.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for use with hydrogen gas. A method may include adding hydrogen gas to a medium and adding a production chemical to the medium. As examples, the production chemical may be a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-foulant, a hydrate anti-agglomerate, a kinetic hydrate inhibitor, an amine for gas sweetening, a regenerable H.sub.2S scavenger, a non-regenerable H.sub.2S scavenger, an alcohol for gas dehydration, an alcohol for hydrate control, a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor, or any combination thereof. The present disclosure also provides test methods to determine the susceptibility of a production chemical to reaction with hydrogen gas.

The method and plant (1) for conversing solid recovered fuel pellets (117) made from municipal solid waste (103) allow the transformation of the municipal solid waste (103) into hydrogen with a high yield instead of landfilling or incinerating the municipal solid waste (103). The hydrogen rich product gas stream (601) can be used as feedstock for chemical reactions or for storing energy in a releasable manner.

A power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power and method of use thereof such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell comprising a fuel having atomic hydrogen, nascent H.sub.2O; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate a reaction and an energy gain, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condensor, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a power conversion system.

A combustible gas that enables reducing an amount of CO.sub.2 generated at a time of cutting an object is provided. A combustible gas for use as a combustion gas for gas cutting of an object contains ethylene at a concentration of greater than 0% by volume and less than 18% by volume, with the remainder being hydrogen and unavoidable impurities. The combustible gas is preferably encapsulated in a container, and a pressure in the container at 35? C. is preferably 1 MPa or more and 50 MPa or less. A concentration of the unavoidable impurities is preferably 1.0% by volume or less. The object is preferably steel.

There is described a hydro-fuel composition of a water solution containing hydrogen, wherein the water solution has less than 1000 ppm total dissolved solids, and an oxidation reduction potential of less than 250 milliVolts. The hydro-fuel composition can be used in a diesel engine after the temperature of the diesel engine reaches a temperature of 80 C. to 90 C.