A power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power and method of use thereof such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell comprising a fuel having atomic hydrogen, nascent H.sub.2O; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate a reaction and an energy gain, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condenser, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a power conversion system.

There is described a hydro-fuel composition of a water solution containing hydrogen, wherein the water solution has less than 1000 ppm total dissolved solids, and an oxidation reduction potential of less than 250 milliVolts. The hydro-fuel composition can be used in a diesel engine after the temperature of the diesel engine reaches a temperature of 80 C. to 90 C.

A hybrid fuel and methods of making the same. A process for making a hybrid fuel includes the steps of combining a biofuel emulsion blend and a liquid fuel product to form a hybrid fuel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can be combined with water in a water-in-oil process and include oxygenate additives and additive packages. A hybrid fuel includes blends of biofuel emulsions and liquid fuel products, including light gas diesel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can include water, oxygenate additives, and other additive packages.

Methods for the operation of membrane reactors (MRs) are disclosed for the efficient production of hydrogen-enriched fuel blends with tunable composition and high hydrogen recovery at both elevated and isobaric pressure operation. These methods enable use of greatly reduced operating temperatures relative to packed bed reactors (PBRs) and elimination of the need for a secondary separation unit operation. These methods provide greater productivity and hydrogen recovery while relaxing membrane selectivity constraints relative to conventional MR operation.

A hybrid fuel and methods of making the same. A process for making a hybrid fuel includes the steps of combining a biofuel emulsion blend and a liquid fuel product to form a hybrid fuel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can be combined with water in a water-in-oil process and include oxygenate additives and additive packages. A hybrid fuel includes blends of biofuel emulsions and liquid fuel products, including light gas diesel. Optionally, the hybrid fuel can include water, oxygenate additives, and other additive packages.

Provided is a method for preparing fuel of cracking furnace that includes: preparing a first methane off-gas stream derived from a liquid cracking furnace and a second methane off-gas stream derived from a gaseous cracking furnace, diverging a portion of the first methane off-gas stream into a methane off-gas export stream and obtaining a first fuel gas stream from the rest of the stream, obtaining a second fuel gas stream from the second methane off-gas stream, mixing the first and second fuel gas streams to prepare a mixed fuel gas stream, and mixing a hydrogen gas stream with the mixed fuel gas stream.

A method is provided for synthesizing bio-based LPG from renewable sources via a bio-based synthetic gas feedstock, using a solvent absorption process and a solid adsorption process for recovering LPG in high yield while providing for high recovery and reuse, with low pressure drop, of unreacted synthesis gas components.

A method is provided for synthesizing bio-based LPG from renewable sources via a bio-based synthetic gas feedstock, in a dual-stage reaction system comprising an oxygenate synthesis reaction zone and an oxygenate conversion reaction zone that are configured for producing and converting a methanol intermediate for reduced CO.sub.2 selectivity. The method includes recovering LPG from either the full reaction zone effluent or from a purge stream separated from the full reaction zone effluent for LPG recovery.

Methods and systems are disclosed for synthesizing carbon neutral or partially carbon neutral hydrocarbons from sources of carbon such as but not limited to graphite. Carbon, catalyst, heavy oil, and hydrogen are fed into a converter vessel. The converter vessel is heated and pressurized, thereby converting the carbon into a mixed hydrocarbon fuel.

Described herein are compositions and methods for the chemical storage and release of hydrogen gas. The described compositions may be useful as fuel additives for hydrogen consuming applications, including aviation. The provided compositions are flexible and can be tailored to be lightweight, have high energy capacity, have various methods of activation and rapidly release the stored hydrogen.