This invention generally refers to a new generation of fuel additives which can provide catalytic action to improve the combustion process of fossil fuels and to a catalyst among others containing an iron compound combined with an over-based magnesium compound with molecular size particles inside the combustion chamber. Such fuel additive catalysts are particularly useful for fuel oil combustion, natural gas combustion, stationary gas turbines, natural gas-fired reciprocating engines, diesel engines, gasoline engines and all stationary dual-fuel engines.

There is provided a process for operating a coal-fired furnace to generate heat. The process has the steps of a) providing the coal to the furnace and b) combusting the coal in the presence of a first slag-reducing ingredient and a second slag-reducing ingredient in amounts effective to reduce slag formation in the furnace. The first slag-reducing ingredient and the second slag-reducing ingredient are different substances. The first slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, and combinations thereof. The second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of copper acetate, copper nitrate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, and ammonium phosphate. There is also provided a method for reducing slag formation in a coal-fired furnace.

Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feed stocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles and contain a sorbent. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels. In addition, one or more sorbents can be added to the feed stocks in order to reduce the amount of a variety of pollutants present in traditional fuel and feed stocks, including, but not limited, sulfur and chlorine. Further, these feed stocks with added sorbent can mitigate corrosion, improve fuel conversion, extend power generating plant lifetime, reduce ash slagging, and reduced operating temperature.

The present invention relates to an additized blended fuel composition comprising of 97 to 50 weight % of liquified petroleum gas (LPG); 3 to 50 weight % of dimethyl ether (DME); and a nanocatalyst. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improvement in the combustion efficiency of the DME blended LPG fuel by using catalytic amount of the nano-catalyst, when introduced in ppm level enhances the combustion properties, thereby increasing the flame temperature and reducing the consumption of fuel gas mixture.

The invention relates to the use of engineered fuel feedstocks to control the emission of sulfur-based, chlorine-based, nitrogen-based, or mercury-based pollutants, such as SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NO, NO.sub.2, HCl, and Hg that are generated during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal. Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feedstocks, feedstocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feedstocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feedstocks, and methods of generating electricity from the fuel feedstocks.

The present invention relates to a sulphur-free odorizing composition to be added into liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in order to allow the user to sense any leakage in case of LPG leakages which might occur in the area of utilization.

The present invention relates to the additive for solid fuel combustion processes (coal, biomass) that both improves fuel efficiency, reduces fuel consumption, and has the ability to prevent sludge formation in combustion chamber and reduce pollutant emission, ensuring stable and highly efficient furnace operation even when using bad-quality fuel. The additive includes the activator component with high polarity; the active component capable of generating active sites; the auxiliary component capable of promoting the generation of active centers; the stabilizing component able to regulate the physicochemical properties and helping to create a stable additive according to the ratio of components (% mass) as follows: Activator component: 20-30 Active component: 50-60 Auxiliary component: 5-9 Stabilizing component: 1-5, and Solvent: suitable In addition, the invention also relates to the production process for this additive.

A method for regulating and controlling a generated crystal form of a natural gas hydrate is provided. A mixture composed of a salt substance, a surfactant, a water-soluble thermodynamic additive and water is introduced in a generation process of the natural gas hydrate. The salt substance and the surfactant also have a synergistic effect with a water-soluble thermodynamic accelerator. The addition of the salt substance and the surfactant can change a local solubility of the water-soluble thermodynamic additive in water, so that the regulating and controlling process of the hydrate crystal can be realized, thereby improving a hydrate gas storage capacity and solving the problem of low natural gas storage capacity in the generated natural gas hydrate in a water-soluble thermodynamic additive system.

There is provided a process for operating a coal-fired furnace to generate heat. The process has the steps of a) providing the coal to the furnace and b) combusting the coal in the presence of a first slag-reducing ingredient and a second slag-reducing ingredient in amounts effective to reduce slag formation in the furnace. In one embodiment, the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds and the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, one or more oxygenated silicon compounds, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated silicon compounds, and wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated aluminum compounds. There are also provided methods for reducing slag formation in a coal-fired furnace. There are also provided methods for treating coal. There are also treated coals.

A fuel element adapted for use in a smoking article is provided, the fuel element including a combustible carbonaceous material in an amount of at least 25% by dry weight, based on the weight of the fuel element, and a particulate ignition aid dispersed throughout the fuel element and selected from ceramic particles, cellulose particles, fullerenes, impregnated activated carbon particles, inorganic salts, and combinations thereof, wherein the average particle size of the ignition aid is less than about 1,000 microns. Also provided are elongate smoking articles having a lighting end and an opposed mouth end, and including the above-noted fuel element configured for ignition of the lighting end.