Dehydration method for a liquid or gaseous effluent selected from LPG, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, solvents and natural gases, by inserting the liquid or gaseous effluent against gravity through a drying column having a drying bed with an initial height (H+h) constituted in its lower area by an inert material bed having the height of h and in its upper area by deliquescent desiccants having an initial height of H. The deliquescent desiccants have an initial weight of between 3 and 40 g, the h/H ratio is lower than 0.49, and the inert material has a specific surface area greater than 100 m2/m3 and lower than 800 m2/m3. The method further includes separating water obtained from the liquid or gaseous effluent.

Methods of making fuel are described herein. A method may include providing a first working fluid, a second working fluid, and a third working fluid. The method may also include exposing the first working fluid to a first high voltage electric field to produce a first plasma, exposing the second working fluid to a second high voltage electric field to produce a second plasma, and exposing the third working fluid to a third high voltage electric field to produce a third plasma. The method may also include providing and contacting a carbon-based feedstock with the third plasma, the second plasma, and the first plasma within a processing chamber to form a mixture, cooling the mixture using a heat exchange device to form a cooled mixture, and contacting the cooled mixture with a catalyst to form a fuel.

The use as a sludge controlling additive in a fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine. The fuel composition may also be used for maintaining oil pathways and/or lubrication in an engine.

An enhanced fuel, a method of producing such enhanced fuel, and method of using such enhanced fuel for operating internal combustion engine. The fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water and ammonium nitrate (AN) as a cetane enhancer. The water is included in a quantity which renders the ammonium nitrate dissolved in the at least one alcohol. The fuel further contains dimethylether as an ignition-improver additive, at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.

A liquid fuel derived from processed biomass having extremely low water content and suitable for use in diesel engines or as an additive to petroleum based fuels, or which can be used as a petroleum or coal slurry substitute in those uses where a lower cost fuel have reduced emission is desired, is described.

The invention relates to a process for the conversion of hydrogen and one or more oxides of carbon to hydrocarbons, which process comprises: contacting hydrogen and one or more oxides of carbon with a catalyst in a reaction zone; removing from the reaction zone an outlet stream comprising unreacted hydrogen, unreacted one or more oxides of carbon and one or more hydrocarbons and feeding the outlet stream to a separation zone in which the outlet stream is divided into at least three fractions, in which; a first fraction predominantly comprises unreacted hydrogen, unreacted one or more oxides of carbon and hydrocarbons having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a second fraction predominantly comprises hydrocarbons having 5 to 9 carbon atoms, at least a portion of which hydrocarbons having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms are olefinic; and a third fraction predominantly comprises hydrocarbons having 10 or more carbon atoms; characterised in that at least a portion of the second fraction is recycled to the reaction zone.

The use as a particulate emissions and/or a complex poly-aromatic nuclei (CPAN) controlling additive in a fuel composition for a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine.

The use as a piston varnish controlling additive in a fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine. The fuel composition may also be used for controlling power output, fuel economy, engine wear, piston ring sticking and blow-by.

Marine diesel fuel/fuel blending component compositions and fuel oil/fuel blending component compositions are provided that are derived from crude oils having high naphthenes to aromatics volume and/or weight ratios and a low sulfur content. In addition to having a high naphthenes to aromatics ratio, a low sulfur content, and a low but substantial content of aromatics, such fuels and/or fuel blending components can have a reduced or minimized carbon intensity relative to fuels derived from conventional sources. The unexpected ratio of naphthenes to aromatics contributes to the fuels and/or fuel blending components further having additional unexpected properties, including low density, low kinematic viscosity, and/or high energy density.

A biodiesel composition comprising a stabilization agent is disclosed. The stabilization agent comprises depolymerized lignin having a weight average molecular weight of at least 360 g/mol and at most 5000 g/mol, and the TEAC value of the depolymerized lignin is at most 50% of the TEAC value of a corresponding lignin before having been depolymerized, and wherein the weight average molecular weight of the depolymerized lignin is at most 60% of the weight average molecular weight of the corresponding lignin.