The present disclosure is directed to the use of elemental or speciated iodine and bromine to control total mercury emissions.

The disclosure provides methods for the production of liquefied petroleum gas from sustainable feedstocks, including methods comprising conversion of alcohols produced by gas fermentation for the production of propane and/or butane.

The present disclosure provides a method for separating a feed stream in a distillation tower. The method may include forming solids in a controlled freeze zone section of the distillation tower; emitting radiation from a first radiation source in the controlled freeze zone section while the controlled freeze zone section forms no solids; detecting radiation emitted by the first radiation source as a first radiation level; detecting radiation emitted by the first radiation source as a second radiation level after detecting the first radiation level; and determining whether the solids adhered to at least one of on and around a first mechanical component included in the controlled freeze zone section based on the first radiation level and the second radiation level.

Disclosed are alkyl lactone-derived hydroxyamides and alkyl lactone-derived hydroxyesters used in compositions and methods for inhibiting natural gas hydrate agglomerates. The alkyl lactone-derived hydroxyamides and alkyl lactone-derived hydroxyesters are reaction products of an alkyl lactone and an amine, and an alkyl lactone and an alcohol, respectively.

The present invention generally relates to methods and hydrate inhibitor compositions for inhibiting the formation of hydrates in a fluid comprising gas and water. More specifically, the method comprises contacting a hydrate inhibitor composition to a fluid. The hydrate inhibitor composition comprises a nonpolar solvent; a polar solvent; and a polymer, an oligomer, a dendrimer, or an acid or salt thereof.

The present invention generally relates to methods and hydrate inhibitor compositions for inhibiting the formation of hydrates in a fluid comprising gas and water. More specifically, the method comprises contacting a hydrate inhibitor composition to a fluid. The hydrate inhibitor composition comprises a nonpolar solvent; a polar solvent; and a polymer, an oligomer, a dendrimer, or an acid or salt thereof.

Disclosed is a method for heating a biomass moving along an industrial treatment line including an inlet (1) for the incoming biomass, a heating unit (4), and a treatment station (5). A fraction of the biomass heated by the heating unit (4) is returned along a return branch (R) to a mixing station (2) upstream of the heating unit (4) so as to form, together with the incoming biomass, a mixture having a temperature above the temperature of the incoming biomass, the heated biomass fraction being removed at an outlet (51) of the treatment station (5).

The present invention relates to a fluid composition comprising a solid fraction and a liquid organic fraction, wherein said solid fraction and said liquid fraction are present in a state of being intermixed, wherein said solid fraction comprises a lignin component, wherein said liquid fraction comprises an organic substance. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of such fluid compositions, to various uses thereof, and to a process for treatment of a lignocellulosic biomass.

The methods apparatuses described herein involve recovering of glycol from an aqueous phase to form a stream of recovered glycol and a glycol recovery system. The aqueous phase is fed to the top of a lower theoretical stage in a distillation column. An overhead vapor stream is drawn from the distillation column overhead of an upper theoretical stage, and a bottom stream comprising a stream of regenerated glycol is drawn from the distillation column via a bottom outlet configured below the lower theoretical stage. The stream of recovered glycol comprises the regenerated glycol. In addition, a first middle theoretical stage is situated within the distillation column gravitationally above the lower theoretical stage and below the upper theoretical stage. A side stream of liquid water is drawn from the bottom of the upper theoretical stage in the distillation column.

Disclosed herein are scavenging compounds and compositions useful in applications relating to the production, transportation, storage, and separation of crude oil and natural gas. Also disclosed herein are methods of using the compounds and compositions as scavengers, particularly in applications relating to the production, transportation, storage, and separation of crude oil and natural gas.