Disclosed are liquid coolants for electric systems and methods of making the same. An example liquid coolant for electric systems may comprise: a base oil, wherein the base oil is a major component of the liquid coolant; and a dissolved gas in an amount sufficient to have a measurable effect on fluid viscosity of the liquid coolant; wherein the liquid coolant has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 7 cSt or less.

A sliding surface, which is formed using metal (SUJ2, palladium etc.) or oxide ceramics (ZrO.sub.2), is made to slide, at a Hertzian contact stress of 1.0 GPa or more in an atmospheric environment containing a hydrogen gas including a minute amount of an alcohol and water, against a slid surface including a PLC film which is a coating formed by an ionization deposition method while applying a low bias voltage. Consequently, it is possible to form, on the sliding surface, a low-friction coating that stably exhibits a significantly low friction coefficient of 10.sup.−4 order (less than 0.001).

Methods and apparatus for converting kinetic energy of an energetic particle into electrical energy and for accelerating charged particles. A stack of substantially parallel conductors separated by gaps is disposed such that the conductors are substantially parallel to the surface of a cathode, with the conductors mutually electrically uncoupled. An anode is disposed at an end of the stack of conductors distal to the cathode, and a power management system applies a bias voltage between the cathode and the anode and collects charge deposited at the anode in the form of current in an external electrical circuit.

Compositions, methods, systems, and applications herein are directed to lubricant blends that balance solubility and viscosity of a refrigerant, where in some cases the lubricant blends herein help reduce solubility of a refrigerant. A lubricant blend includes a mixture of two or more different types of lubricants to reduce refrigerant solubility.

Compositions, methods, systems, and applications herein are directed to lubricant blends that balance solubility and viscosity of a refrigerant, where in some cases the lubricant blends herein help reduce solubility of a refrigerant. A lubricant blend includes a mixture of two or more different types of lubricants to reduce refrigerant solubility.

The invention relates to a food-compatible high-temperature lubricant, more particularly a high-temperature oil and a high-temperature grease, comprising the following components: a) at least one oil selected from a trimellitic ester or a mixture of different trimellitic esters, alkylaromatics, preferably an aliphatically substituted naphthalene, or estolides; b) a hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated polyisobutylene or a mixture of hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated polyisobutylene; and c) additives individually or in combination.

In the case of the high-temperature grease, a thickener is added.

The invention relates to a food-compatible high-temperature lubricant, more particularly a high-temperature oil and a high-temperature grease, comprising the following components: a) at least one oil selected from a trimellitic ester or a mixture of different trimellitic esters, alkylaromatics, preferably an aliphatically substituted naphthalene, or estolides; b) a hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated polyisobutylene or a mixture of hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated polyisobutylene; and c) additives individually or in combination.

In the case of the high-temperature grease, a thickener is added.

A lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines contains a base oil and an additive in a form of a hydrocarbon compound having a biphenyl structure or a stilbene structure. When the present lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines is used in refrigerating equipment such as an open-type automobile air-conditioner, an electric automobile air-conditioner, a gas heat pump, other air-conditioning equipment, a refrigerating machine, a vending machine, a showcase, a water-heating system and a refrigerating/heating system, it is possible to detect the leakage of a refrigerant with a long-lasting stability. Therefore, when an unsaturated chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant with a poor stability is used in the above-listed equipment, the present lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines is significantly advantageous.

A lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines contains a base oil and an additive in a form of a hydrocarbon compound having a biphenyl structure or a stilbene structure. When the present lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines is used in refrigerating equipment such as an open-type automobile air-conditioner, an electric automobile air-conditioner, a gas heat pump, other air-conditioning equipment, a refrigerating machine, a vending machine, a showcase, a water-heating system and a refrigerating/heating system, it is possible to detect the leakage of a refrigerant with a long-lasting stability. Therefore, when an unsaturated chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant with a poor stability is used in the above-listed equipment, the present lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines is significantly advantageous.

The invention relates to a food-grade high-temperature lubricant, more particularly a high-temperature oil and a high-temperature grease, comprising the following components: a) at least one oil selected from a trimellitic ester or a mixture of different trimellitic esters, alkylaromatics, preferably an aliphatically substituted naphthalene, or estolides; b) a hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated polyisobutylene or a mixture of hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated polyisobutylene; and c) additives individually or in combination.

In the case of the high-temperature grease, a thickener is added.