The present invention provides a one-pot process of synthesis of phenyl naphthalene compounds that are employed as heat transfer agents. More particularly, the present invention provides a process of preparation of 1-phenylnaphthalene and 2-methyl-1-phenylnaphthalene using refinery spent catalyst. These molecules are known for application as synthetic heat transfer fluids that deliver outstanding performance and thermal stability at continuously high operating temperatures. The reaction is carried out in aqueous medium using a spent catalyst which is a palladium based charcoal catalyst as obtained from various refinery processes. Further, the present invention provides a heat resistant formulation using the synthesized polyhydrocarbons, wherein the formulation is optimized with a free radical scavenger.

To provide a composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle which has a low global warming potential and high stability, and which can replace R410A, and a heat cycle system employing the composition.

A composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle containing trifluoroethylene, and a stabilizer for preventing deterioration of the working fluid for heat cycle, such as an oxidation resistance-improving agent, a heat resistance-improving agent or a metal deactivator, and a heat cycle system employing the composition for a heat cycle system.

To provide a composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle which has a low global warming potential and high stability, and which can replace R410A, and a heat cycle system employing the composition.

A composition for a heat cycle system, which comprises a working fluid for heat cycle containing trifluoroethylene, and a stabilizer for preventing deterioration of the working fluid for heat cycle, such as an oxidation resistance-improving agent, a heat resistance-improving agent or a metal deactivator, and a heat cycle system employing the composition for a heat cycle system.

A number of different branched hydrocarbon compounds (formula I) having a star-like configuration (S) are prepared from renewable oils containing fatty acids or derivatives containing fatty acids. The branched hydrocarbon compounds may be isolated individually or in mixtures, and may be used as part of base oils, such as renewable base oils (RBOs). A process for preparing the branched hydrocarbon compounds of formula I involve conditions that favour a trimerisation reaction followed by hydrotreating conditions. The compounds of formula I may be made by catalytically treating renewable material in a process, and the compounds have desirable qualities relating to lubrication, cold flow as well as having a low Noack volatility.

A number of different branched hydrocarbon compounds (formula I) having a star-like configuration (S) are prepared from renewable oils containing fatty acids or derivatives containing fatty acids. The branched hydrocarbon compounds may be isolated individually or in mixtures, and may be used as part of base oils, such as renewable base oils (RBOs). A process for preparing the branched hydrocarbon compounds of formula I involve conditions that favour a trimerisation reaction followed by hydrotreating conditions. The compounds of formula I may be made by catalytically treating renewable material in a process, and the compounds have desirable qualities relating to lubrication, cold flow as well as having a low Noack volatility.

Hydrotreatment of biological oil is disclosed for producing renewable base oil and a diesel oil from low value biological oils. Low value biological oils containing free fatty acids and fatty acid esters can be processed into a renewable base oil and a renewable diesel oil in an efficient manner by first separating at least part of the free fatty acids from the feedstock and then processing separately this free acid feed in a ketonisation reaction followed by hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation reactions to yield a renewable base oil stream. The remaining free fatty acid depleted feed is processed in a separate hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation step to yield a renewable diesel stream.

Hydrotreatment of biological oil is disclosed for producing renewable base oil and a diesel oil from low value biological oils. Low value biological oils containing free fatty acids and fatty acid esters can be processed into a renewable base oil and a renewable diesel oil in an efficient manner by first separating at least part of the free fatty acids from the feedstock and then processing separately this free acid feed in a ketonisation reaction followed by hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation reactions to yield a renewable base oil stream. The remaining free fatty acid depleted feed is processed in a separate hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation step to yield a renewable diesel stream.

Methods are disclosed for producing renewable base oil and a diesel oil from low-value biological oils. Low-value biological oils containing free fatty acids and fatty acid esters can be processed into a renewable base oil and a renewable diesel oil by first separating at least part of the saturated free fatty acids from the feedstock and then processing separately this saturated free acid feed in a ketonisation reaction followed by hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation reactions to yield a renewable base oil stream. The remaining free fatty acid depleted feed may be processed in a separate hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation step to yield a renewable diesel stream.

Methods are disclosed for producing renewable base oil and a diesel oil from low-value biological oils. Low-value biological oils containing free fatty acids and fatty acid esters can be processed into a renewable base oil and a renewable diesel oil by first separating at least part of the saturated free fatty acids from the feedstock and then processing separately this saturated free acid feed in a ketonisation reaction followed by hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation reactions to yield a renewable base oil stream. The remaining free fatty acid depleted feed may be processed in a separate hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerisation step to yield a renewable diesel stream.

A lubricant additive for introduction into an AC/R system to improve lubricant miscibility and performance in the AC/R system.