This disclosure relates to cold cranking simulator viscosity (CCSV) boosting base stocks that allow flexibility for engine oil formulations to meet both high and low temperature viscosity requirements while maximizing fuel efficiency. The CCSV-boosting base stocks can include C28-C60 hydrocarbon materials, linear esters, tertiary amides, dialkyl carbonates, aromatic alcohols, and aromatic ethers. This disclosure also relates to lubricating oil formulations containing the CCSV-boosting base stocks, and a method for improving fuel efficiency in an engine by using as the engine oil a lubricating oil formulation containing one or more of the CCSV-boosting base stocks and/or cobase stocks.

This disclosure relates to cold cranking simulator viscosity (CCSV) boosting base stocks that allow flexibility for engine oil formulations to meet both high and low temperature viscosity requirements while maximizing fuel efficiency. The CCSV-boosting base stocks can include C28-C60 hydrocarbon materials, linear esters, tertiary amides, dialkyl carbonates, aromatic alcohols, and aromatic ethers. This disclosure also relates to lubricating oil formulations containing the CCSV-boosting base stocks, and a method for improving fuel efficiency in an engine by using as engine oil a lubricating oil formulation containing one or more of the CCSV-boosting base stocks.

This disclosure relates to cold cranking simulator viscosity (CCSV) boosting base stocks that allow flexibility for engine oil formulations to meet both high and low temperature viscosity requirements while maximizing fuel efficiency. The CCSV-boosting base stocks can include C28-C60 hydrocarbon materials, linear esters, tertiary amides, dialkyl carbonates, aromatic alcohols, and aromatic ethers. This disclosure also relates to lubricating oil formulations containing the CCSV-boosting base stocks, and a method for improving fuel efficiency in an engine by using as engine oil a lubricating oil formulation containing one or more of the CCSV-boosting base stocks.

A grease composition includes a base oil and a thickener. The thickener contains a urea compound and a styrene-based polymer. A content of the styrene-based polymer is 2% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less as to a total amount of the urea compound and the styrene-based polymer. In the thickener, an average value of diameter of particles with a diameter of 0.2 ?m or more is 0.2 ?m or more and 1.0 ?m or less.

A grease composition includes a base oil and a thickener. The thickener contains a urea compound and a styrene-based polymer. A content of the styrene-based polymer is 2% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less as to a total amount of the urea compound and the styrene-based polymer. In the thickener, an average value of diameter of particles with a diameter of 0.2 ?m or more is 0.2 ?m or more and 1.0 ?m or less.

The present invention provides a steel wire rod having a lubricating coating film, which can achieve both workabilities such as wire drawability, spike property and ball ironing property, and corrosion resistance such as long-term rust prevention property; and a method for producing the same. Disclosed are a steel wire rod having a coating film containing no phosphorus, wherein the coating film includes a lower layer coating film composed of oxide and/or hydroxide of zirconium and having a film thickness of 1.0 to 200 nm, and an upper layer coating film containing silicon and tungsten, in order from a steel wire rod side, a mass ratio of tungsten/silicon being in a range of 1.3 to 18; and a method for producing the above steel wire rod, which includes bringing an aqueous chemical conversion treatment solution, which has a pH in a range of 2.5 to 5.0 and contains a water-soluble zirconium compound dissolved therein, into contact with a surface of a steel wire rod to form a lower layer coating film.

A lubricating composition comprises an amide and at least one additive. The amide is the reaction product of a secondary, branched amine and a carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid may be a monocarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic acid, including dimer acid. The amide is hydrolytically stable, and may be used to increase the hydrolytic stability of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the amide may be used to increase the additive solubility or detergency of the lubricant composition.

A lubricant including an ionic liquid, which contains a conjugate acid (B.sup.+) and a conjugate base (X.sup.) and is aprotic, wherein the conjugate acid contains a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 10 or more carbon atoms, and wherein an acid that is a source of the conjugate base has a pKa in water of 0 or less.

A grease composition includes a base oil and a thickener. The thickener contains a urea compound and a styrene-based polymer. A content of the styrene-based polymer is 2% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less as to a total amount of the urea compound and the styrene-based polymer. In the thickener, an average value of diameter of particles with a diameter of 0.2 m or more is 0.2 m or more and 1.0 m or less.

A grease composition includes a base oil and a thickener. The thickener contains a urea compound and a styrene-based polymer. A content of the styrene-based polymer is 2% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less as to a total amount of the urea compound and the styrene-based polymer. In the thickener, an average value of diameter of particles with a diameter of 0.2 m or more is 0.2 m or more and 1.0 m or less.