A random copolymer suitable for reducing friction in lubricant compositions is disclosed. The random copolymer can include a short chain acrylate, a long chain acrylate, and a polar acrylate. The random copolymer can have a ratio of short chain acrylate to long chain acrylate of 0 to 2, and a molecular weight number of 1000 to 10000. The disclosure can include a lubricant containing a base oil and the random copolymer. A process for preparing the random copolymer and polymeric friction modifiers is also disclosed.

A heat treating oil composition containing one or more of a base oil (A) selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil (A1), a synthetic oil (A2) and a vegetable oil (A3), a sulfur compound (B), and a carboxylic acid-based compound (C) being one or more selected from the group consisting of a compound having at least one carboxy group, and an anhydride thereof.

The refrigerator lubricating oil of the present invention contains: a base oil containing, as a major component, a polyol ester (A) of a fatty acid (a1) that is a fatty acid having a number of carbon atoms of from 3 to 18 and a polyol (a2) that is selected from neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol; and a disulfide and/or trisulfide compound (B), and the disulfide and/or trisulfide compound (B) is blended in an amount of from 30 to 10,000 ppm by mass in terms of sulfur equivalent based on the total amount of the refrigerator lubricating oil.

The refrigerator lubricating oil of the present invention contains: a base oil containing, as a major component, a polyol ester (A) of a fatty acid (a1) that is a fatty acid having a number of carbon atoms of from 3 to 18 and a polyol (a2) that is selected from neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol; and a disulfide and/or trisulfide compound (B), and the disulfide and/or trisulfide compound (B) is blended in an amount of from 30 to 10,000 ppm by mass in terms of sulfur equivalent based on the total amount of the refrigerator lubricating oil.

Sulfurized calcium phenate detergents having a reduced unsulfurized alkyl-substituted phenol content are made by: (A) providing, made from an unsulfurized alkyl-substituted phenol, a sulfurized calcium phenate detergent that, optionally, may have been further reacted with carbon dioxide; (B) adding to the detergent from 1 to 100 mass %, based on the mass of the detergent, of an organic solvent that has a boiling point of above 100 C. and below the boiling point of the unsulfurized alkyl-substituted phenol; and (C) removing the organic solvent from the detergent thereby to reduce the unsulfurized alkyl-substituted phenol content.

The present disclosure provides compounds represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

or salts or solvates thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10, R.sup.11, and X are as defined in the specification. The present disclosure also provides compositions, vulcanized elastomeric articles, lubricant compositions, combustible fuel compositions, and fuel additive compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein. The present disclosure also provides processes for preparing the compositions and vulcanized elastomeric articles described herein. The present disclosure also provides a process for retreading tires using a composition described herein. The present disclosure also provides kits comprising a composition described herein.

The present disclosure provides compounds represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

or salts or solvates thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10, R.sup.11, and X are as defined in the specification. The present disclosure also provides compositions, vulcanized elastomeric articles, lubricant compositions, combustible fuel compositions, and fuel additive compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein. The present disclosure also provides processes for preparing the compositions and vulcanized elastomeric articles described herein. The present disclosure also provides a process for retreading tires using a composition described herein. The present disclosure also provides kits comprising a composition described herein.