There is provided a polymer or derivative thereof comprising a plurality of active amine groups in the backbone, wherein the polymer is a reaction product of a reaction between one or more bis-carbonates and one or more amine compounds having at least two terminal amino groups. Also provided are use of the polymer or derivative thereof and a method of preparing the polymer or derivative thereof.

There is provided a polymer or derivative thereof comprising a plurality of active amine groups in the backbone, wherein the polymer is a reaction product of a reaction between one or more bis-carbonates and one or more amine compounds having at least two terminal amino groups. Also provided are use of the polymer or derivative thereof and a method of preparing the polymer or derivative thereof.

A task of the present invention is to provide an electro-rheological fluid composition and a cylinder device which allow a large ER effect to be obtained, while reducing a current density. An electro-rheological fluid composition (8) of the present invention includes a fluid (32) and a particle (28) having an ion conductivity, the particle (28) having the ion conductivity has a first layer (29) forming a surface of the particle (28) and a second layer (30) forming a part of the particle (28) interior to the first layer (29), and an ion conductivity of the first layer (29) is lower than an ion conductivity of the second layer (30).

A task of the present invention is to provide an electro-rheological fluid composition and a cylinder device which allow a large ER effect to be obtained, while reducing a current density. An electro-rheological fluid composition (8) of the present invention includes a fluid (32) and a particle (28) having an ion conductivity, the particle (28) having the ion conductivity has a first layer (29) forming a surface of the particle (28) and a second layer (30) forming a part of the particle (28) interior to the first layer (29), and an ion conductivity of the first layer (29) is lower than an ion conductivity of the second layer (30).

Use of hydrophobically modified polyalkanolamines obtainable by condensing at least one trialkanolamine and optionally further condensable monomers and reacting at least one of the terminal OH groups with suitable reactants capable of reacting with OH groups and comprising long chain hydrocarbon groups as wax inhibitor, pour point depressant and additive for lubricants.

Use of hydrophobically modified polyalkanolamines obtainable by condensing at least one trialkanolamine and optionally further condensable monomers and reacting at least one of the terminal OH groups with suitable reactants capable of reacting with OH groups and comprising long chain hydrocarbon groups as wax inhibitor, pour point depressant and additive for lubricants.

Provided herein are polyimide dispersants, as well as methods for producing polyimide dispersants. The polyimides can be defined by the formula below ##STR00001##
wherein A, individually for each occurrence, represents a cyclic diimide moiety represented by the structure below ##STR00002##
where B represents a cyclic moiety substituted with a first cyclic imide group and a second cyclic imide group; Y, individually for each occurrence, represents a bivalent linking group; L, individually for each occurrence, is absent or represents a cyclic imide group; R, individually for each occurrence, represents a polymeric tail; and n is an integer from 1 to 20.

Provided herein are polyimide dispersants, as well as methods for producing polyimide dispersants. The polyimides can be defined by the formula below ##STR00001##
wherein A, individually for each occurrence, represents a cyclic diimide moiety represented by the structure below ##STR00002##
where B represents a cyclic moiety substituted with a first cyclic imide group and a second cyclic imide group; Y, individually for each occurrence, represents a bivalent linking group; L, individually for each occurrence, is absent or represents a cyclic imide group; R, individually for each occurrence, represents a polymeric tail; and n is an integer from 1 to 20.

A low friction coated article includes a first structure that has a first lubricated surface coated with a first polyelectrolyte coating. A second structure has a second lubricated surface with a second polyelectrolyte coating opposite the first lubricated surface. The first and second polyelectrolyte coatings include alternating layers of positively charged polyelectrolyte layers and negatively charged polyelectrolyte layers hydrated with a lubricant.

A low friction coated article includes a first structure that has a first lubricated surface coated with a first polyelectrolyte coating. A second structure has a second lubricated surface with a second polyelectrolyte coating opposite the first lubricated surface. The first and second polyelectrolyte coatings include alternating layers of positively charged polyelectrolyte layers and negatively charged polyelectrolyte layers hydrated with a lubricant.