A lubricant formulation. The lubricant formulation includes a polyol-based base lubricant, an ionic liquid, and an organic nanoparticle. The ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, or a combination thereof. The organic nanoparticle has a median particle size less than about 200 nm. The organic nanoparticle forms about 0.01 to about 5% by weight of the lubricant formulation. The ionic liquid forms about 0.5 to about 10% by weight of the lubricant formulation.

A composition of an oil-soluble ionic detergent that does not contribute metal ions to the composition, and which comprises a quaternary non-metallic pnictogen cation and an organic anion having at least one hydrocarbyl group of sufficient length to impart oil solubility to the detergent, the detergent having a total base number (TBN) to total acid number (TAN) ratio of at least 2:1 imparts ash-free basicity to a lubricant composition.

A lubricating composition includes an oil of lubricating viscosity and an ionic tetrahedral borate compound which includes a cation and a tetrahedral borate anion which includes a boron atom, the boron atom having at least one aromatic bidentate di-oxo ligand. The compound may be represented by formula (I), where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are selected from C.sub.1-48 hydrocarbyl groups or together form a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered ring; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring; m is 0 or 1; X is hydrogen, a C.sub.1-24 hydrocarbyl group, OR.sup.5, NHR.sup.5, or=O, R.sup.5 is a C.sub.1-24 hydrocarbyl group; M represents the cation; and n is at least 1. The cation may be selected to provide detergent and/or dispersant properties to the lubricating composition. In the case of ammonium cations, the molecular weight may be 260 g/mol or higher for providing a highly soluble compound, particularly when X is=O.

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A lubricant for a magnetic recording medium including an ionic liquid including a Bronsted acid and a Bronsted base that is primary amine as constituents of the ionic liquid, wherein the Bronsted acid includes a fluorine-containing chain, the Bronsted base includes a fluorine-containing chain that is a perfluoroalkyl chain or a perfluoropolyether chain, wherein the fluorine-containing chain in the Bronsted acid is a perfluoropolyether chain or the fluorine-containing chain in the Bronsted base is the perfluoropolyether chain, or the fluorine-containing chain in the Bronsted acid is the perfluoropolyether chain and the fluorine-containing chain in the Bronsted base is the perfluoropolyether chain, and a number average molecular weight of the fluorine-containing chain in the Bronsted acid is 1,500 or less.

A lubricant, which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate base and a conjugate acid including 2 or more cations in a molecule of the conjugate acid, wherein the conjugate acid includes a monovalent group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and an acid that is a source of the conjugate base has a pKa in acetonitrile of 10 or less.

Embodiments, described herein relate generally to devices, systems, apparatus, and methods for producing lubricious surfaces that increase the ease of communication of viscous liquids across the same. The apparatus can include a container having an inner surface and a lubricating liquid disposed on a surface, the lubricating liquid including a surfactant. In some embodiments, a sprayer hub can rotate about a center axis and deliver the lubricating liquid to the inner surface. In some embodiments, a contact liquid can fill at least a portion of the container. In some embodiments, the surfactant can be an amphiphilic molecule that is substantially immiscible with the lubricating liquid and at least partially miscible with the contact liquid. In some embodiments, the surfactant can form a barrier at an interface between the lubricating liquid and the contact liquid.

A lubricant for a magnetic recording medium of the present invention includes an organic compound having a fullerene skeleton, and the organic compound having the fullerene skeleton is expressed by the following general formula (i). ##STR00001##

A wear and/or friction reducing additive for a lubricating fluid in which the additive is a combination of a moderately hydrophilic single-phase compound and an anti-wear and/or anti-friction aqueous salt solution. The aqueous salt solution produces a coating on boundary layer surfaces. The lubricating fluid can be an emulsion-free hydrophobic oil, hydraulic fluid, antifreeze, water, or a water-based lubricant. Preferably, the moderately hydrophilic single-phase compound is sulfonated castor oil and the aqueous salt solution additionally contains boric acid and zinc oxide. The emulsions produced by the aqueous salt solutions, the moderately hydrophilic single-phase compounds, or the combination thereof provide targeted boundary layer organizers that significantly enhance the anti-wear and/or anti-friction properties of the base lubricant by decreasing wear and/or friction of sliding and/or rolling surfaces at boundary layers.

A lubricant including an ionic liquid, which includes a conjugate acid (B.sup.+) and a conjugate base (X.sup.), and is protic, wherein the ionic liquid is represented by the following general formula (1):

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where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent a hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 form a benzene ring together with carbon atoms to which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded, and R.sup.3 represents a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 10 or more carbon atoms in the general formula (1).

A lubricant including: an ionic liquid, which includes a conjugate acid (B.sup.+) and a conjugate base (X.sup.), and is protic, wherein the ionic liquid is represented by the following general formula (1), and wherein the conjugate base is a conjugate base of sulfonic acid, a conjugate base of sulfonimide, or a conjugate base of trisulfonylmethide:

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where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent a hydrogen atom or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 form a benzene ring together with carbon atoms to which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded, R.sup.3 represents a to straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 10 or more carbon atoms, and R.sup.4 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group in the general formula (1).