The present disclosure relates to methods of lubricating an electric or a hybrid-electric transmission using a lubricant including a solvent system with a blend of one or more base oils with a branched diester and one or more poly(meth)acrylate copolymers, transmissions therefor, and lubricating compositions suitable for such applications that exhibit good lubricant properties, good electrical properties, and good cooling efficiency at the same time.

A lubricating oil composition including: a lubricant base oil; (A) a calcium salicylate detergent in an amount of 0.005 to 0.03 mass % in terms of calcium on the basis of the total mass of the composition; (B) a succinimide ashless dispersant in an amount of 0.005 to 0.25 mass % in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition; (C) a nitrogen-containing antioxidant in an amount of 0.005 to 0.15 mass % in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition; and optionally (D) a nitrogen-containing friction modifier in an amount of no more than 0.03 mass % in terms of nitrogen on the basis of the total mass of the composition, wherein a total content of any metallic detergent is 0.005 to 0.03 mass % in terms of metal on the basis of the total mass of the composition.

The present invention relates to a composition for lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising at least one base oil and at least one fire retardant corresponding to formula (I)

R.sub.F-L-R.sub.H   (I) in which R.sub.F is a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated group, R.sub.H is a hydrocarbon-based group, and L is a linker.

The invention also relates to the use of at least one fire retardant of formula (I), in a composition for lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, including at least one battery, to give it ignition-resistance properties.

Finally, the invention relates to a process for cooling and fire-protecting a battery of a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising at least one step of placing at least one battery, in particular a lithium-ion or nickel-cadmium battery, in contact with a composition according to the invention.

A composition for a heat cycle system and a heat cycle system employing the composition are provided. The composition has favorable lubricating properties and contains a working fluid for heat cycle and a refrigerant oil. The working fluid has a low global warming potential and can replace R410A. The working fluid contains an unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon compound having a specific structure. The refrigerant oil has a breakdown voltage of at least 25 kV, a hydroxyl value of at most 0.1 mgKOH/g, and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of from 5 to 200 mm.sup.2/s and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of from 2 to 30 mm.sup.2/s.

The present invention relates to a composition for cooling a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle including at least one battery, comprising: (i) at least one base oil or at least one hydrocarbon-based fluid with a boiling point of greater than or equal to 50° C.; (ii) at least one fire retardant corresponding to formula (I)

R.sub.F-L-R.sub.H  (I)

in which R.sub.F is a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated group, R.sub.H is a hydrocarbon-based group, and L is a linker; and (iii) at least one fluoro compound with a boiling point of between 50 and 250° C.

The invention also relates to the use of at least one fluoro compound with a boiling point of between 50° C. and 250° C. for promoting the contact between a fire retardant corresponding to formula (I) and an element of a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, when thermal runaway is observed, said fire retardant of formula (I) being formulated in a base oil, or a hydrocarbon-based fluid with a boiling point of greater than or equal to 50° C.

Finally, the invention relates to a process for cooling and fire-protecting at least one battery of a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising at least one step of placing at least one battery in contact with a composition according to the invention.

The present invention relates to a composition for cooling a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising: (i) at least one base oil, or at least one hydrocarbon-based fluid with a boiling point of greater than or equal to 50° C.; and (ii) at least one fire retardant corresponding to formula (I)

R.sub.F-L-R.sub.H  (I) in which R.sub.F is a perfluorinated or partially fluorinated group, R.sub.H is a hydrocarbon-based group, and L is a linker, said fire retardant of formula (I) being at least partially in an encapsulated form.

The invention also relates to the use of at least one fire retardant of formula (I) which is at least partially in an encapsulated form in a composition for cooling a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, including at least one battery, to give it ignition-resistance properties.

Finally, the invention relates to a process for cooling and fire-protecting a battery of a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising at least one step of placing at least one battery, in particular a lithium-ion or nickel-cadmium battery, in contact with a composition according to the invention.

The present disclosure relates to methods of lubricating an electric or a hybrid-electric transmission using a lubricant including a solvent system with a blend of one or more base oils with a branched diester and one or more poly(meth)acrylate copolymers, transmissions therefor, and lubricating compositions suitable for such applications that exhibit good lubricant properties, good electrical properties, and good cooling efficiency at the same time.

A method of lubricating at least a portion of a powertrain in a vehicle with an electric motor with a functional fluid composition containing greater than 50 wt % of a base oil; and an additive composition prepared by mixing: a) a hydrocarbyl acid phosphate of the formula (I) to provide at least 50 ppmw phosphorus to the functional fluid composition; ##STR00001##
wherein R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 hydrocarbyl group and R.sub.1 is selected from hydrogen and a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 hydrocarbyl group; b) an amount of one or more calcium-containing detergent(s) sufficient to provide at least 25 ppmw calcium to the functional fluid composition; and c) one or more nitrogen containing dispersants in an amount sufficient to provide greater than 20 ppmw of nitrogen to the functional fluid composition, all based on the total weight of the functional fluid composition. Functional fluid compositions containing the above-mentioned components and lubricating methods are also disclosed herein.

The present invention generally relates to lubricating oil compositions useful for automatic transmissions, and particularly transmission oils for automotive automatic transmissions in battery electrical vehicles (BEVs), hybrid vehicles (HVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs). The lubricant is free of metal compounds (e.g., Ca, Mo, or Zn) and demonstrates high volume resistivity, wear protection, and copper corrosion resistance.

The present invention generally relates to lubricating oil compositions useful for automatic transmissions, and particularly transmission oils for automotive automatic transmissions in battery electrical vehicles (BEVs), hybrid vehicles (HVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs). The lubricant is free of metal compounds (e.g., Ca, Mo, or Zn) and demonstrates high volume resistivity, wear protection, and copper corrosion resistance.