A method for CO.sub.2 capture may include operating a packed reactor comprising a reaction chamber containing packing including immobilized enzymes, by contacting a CO.sub.2 containing gas with a liquid solution in the reaction chamber to produce an ion-loaded solution and a CO.sub.2 depleted gas by an enzymatically catalyzed hydration reaction; monitoring enzyme activity of the immobilized enzymes; at a low enzyme activity threshold (i) stopping operation in the packed reactor, and (ii) replenishing the enzymatic activity by providing an enzyme replenishing solution into the packed reactor to contact the packing and provide a replenishing amount of the immobilized enzymes; and recommencing operation in the packed reactor for CO.sub.2 capture using the replenished immobilized enzymes. A corresponding system may include a packed reactor and an in situ enzyme supply device for supplying active enzyme within the reactor. The enzyme supply device may include spray nozzles with various configurations.

This invention discloses a three-dimensional (3D) bioreactor for large scale expansion of immune cells and methods of use. The 3D bioreactor comprising at least one packed bed chamber comprising at least one porous scaffold; at least one porous scaffold coated with one or more extra cellular matrix protein (ECM); at least one container comprising a fluid media, the fluid media is configured to flow through said packed bed chamber with at least one porous coated scaffold; and at least one population of immune cells suspended in the fluid media, wherein, the at least one porous scaffold coated with said ECM is creates a stationary niche having low shear forces that imitate the natural growth environment of the immune cells and allows expansion of the immune cells population that flow through the coated porous scaffold in large scale.

Provided are an immobilized enzyme and an application thereof in continuous production. The immobilized enzyme is a Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified immobilized enzyme, and includes: an enzyme, which includes Amine Dehydrogenase (AmDH) and/or Formate Dehydrogenase (FDH); and a carrier, which is a cyanuric chloride-activated amino carrier. The problem in the prior art of poor performance of an immobilized enzyme is solved, the catalytic activity and reusability of the immobilized enzyme are improved, and the immobilized enzyme is suitable for the field of enzyme immobilization.

This invention is directed to a method for three-dimensional cultivation of proliferating plant cells in a packed bed bioreactor, the bioreactor comprising at least one packed bed chamber configured to confine said proliferating plant cells within it such that the proliferating plant cells become a three-dimensional stationary biomass phase; and At least one container comprising a fluid media, the fluid media is configured to flow through said proliferating plant cells stationary biomass phase, wherein, the flow of the fluid media through the proliferating plant cells stationary biomass phase allows transfer of compounds from the fluid media into the cells and vice versa in low shear forces within the at least one packed bed chamber thereby imitating natural growth environment of the proliferating plant cells within the 3D bioreactor.

Fixed bed bioreactor with natural convection and forced draught to obtain bioactive substances by solid-state fermentation (SEF) using fungi macromycetes. This bioreactor may be from turn drum with pendulum motion and natural and forced convection to a tray bioreactor with natural convection. They are used in the production of bioactive substances as crude extracts of lignocellulosic enzymes and fungal polysaccharides obtained by using mixtures of lignocellulosic materials as substrates and macromycetes fungi as inoculum, controlling pH, humidity and particle size, inoculation rate and environmental conditions during fermentation such as temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration.

Disclosed herein is an improved rocked bioreactor system used for carrying out cell and tissue cultures.

This invention discloses a three-dimensional (3D) bioreactor for large scale expansion of immune cells and methods of use. The 3D bioreactor comprising at least one packed bed chamber comprising at least one porous scaffold; at least one porous scaffold coated with one or more extra cellular matrix protein (ECM); at least one container comprising a fluid media, the fluid media is configured to flow through said packed bed chamber with at least one porous coated scaffold; and at least one population of immune cells suspended in the fluid media, wherein, the at least one porous scaffold coated with said ECM is creates a stationary niche having low shear forces that imitate the natural growth environment of the immune cells and allows expansion of the immune cells population that flow through the coated porous scaffold in large scale.

There is provided a method of culturing cells comprising: providing a bioreactor, wherein the bioreactor contains a particulate substrate arranged as a fixed bed; seeding the particulate substrate with myoblasts, myocytes, and/or myotubes; culturing the cells by flowing cell culture medium through the fixed bed such that the fixed bed conditions are maintained. Also provided is a flow distributor for a bioreactor comprising: a first surface and a second surface, wherein the first surface is on the opposite side of the flow distributor to the second surface, and wherein the flow distributor has a central axis extending through the flow distributor; and a plurality of channels within the flow distributor, wherein the plurality of channels each have an inlet and an outlet.

This nitrogen recovery method is for causing nitrifying bacteria to decompose an ammonia component in an ammonia-containing gas, and recovering a nitrogen component contained in ammonia as an ammonia gas decomposition product, involving: supplying circulating water to a microorganism decomposition tank retaining a nitrifying bacterium carrier carrying nitrifying bacteria to maintain the carrier wet; passing ammonia-containing gas through the carrier in the wet state in an oxygen-containing atmosphere; dissolving an ammonia component in the ammonia-containing gas in the circulating water, together with an ammonia gas decomposition product produced by the nitrifying bacteria, to continue decomposing the ammonia-containing gas while the decomposition product is accumulated in the circulating water; and collecting all or a portion of the circulating water to recover the ammonia gas decomposition product, when the concentration of nitrate ion as an ammonia decomposition product in the circulating water reaches a predetermined concentration of 5000 mg/L or more.

A system for biomass sensing includes a fixed bed bioreactor including a container and a fixed bed disposed within such container. At least one sensor is for sensing one or more parameters representative of biomass in the fixed bed. A controller is adapted for correlating the one or more parameters to an amount of biomass of the fixed bed bioreactor, such as using a correlation model. Related systems and methods are also described.