The present invention provides several non-naturally occurring sulfotransferase enzymes that have been engineered to react with aryl sulfate compounds as sulfo group donors, instead of the natural substrate 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and with heparosan-based polysaccharides, particularly heparan sulfate, as sulfo group acceptors. Each of the engineered sulfotransferase enzymes have a biological activity characterized by the position within the heparosan-based polysaccharide that receives the sulfo group, including glucosaminyl N-sulfotransferase activity, hexuronyl 2-O sulfotransferase activity, glucosaminyl 6-O sulfotransferase activity, or glucosaminyl 3-O sulfotransferase activity. Methods of using the engineered sulfotransferases to produce sulfated heparosan-based polysaccharides, including polysaccharides having anticoagulant activity, are also provided.

Provided herein is a genetically engineered microorganism comprising knock-in of DNA at an acetolactate decarboxylase gene locus. Replacement of the acetolactate decarboxylase gene with DNA encoding one or more native or nonnative enzymes confers certain advantages, including fermentation stability and increased production of native and nonnative products from gaseous substrates.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide an organism having an ergothioneine productivity that is capable of easily producing ergothioneine within a short period of time at a high yield, as compared with a conventional technology, and, therefore, enables ergothioneine production on an industrial scale. This purpose can be achieved by a transformed fungus into which a gene encoding enzyme (1) or genes encoding enzymes (1) and (2) have been inserted and in which the inserted gene(s) are overexpressed. (1) an enzyme catalyzing a reaction of synthesizing hercynyl cysteine sulfoxide from histidine and cysteine in the presence of S-adenosyl methionine, iron (II) and oxygen. (2) An enzyme catalyzing a reaction of synthesizing ergothioneine from hercynyl cysteine sulfoxide using pyridoxal 5′-phosphate as a coenzyme.

The present invention provides several non-naturally occurring sulfotransferase enzymes that have been engineered to react with aryl sulfate compounds as sulfo group donors, instead of the natural substrate 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and with heparosan-based polysaccharides, particularly heparan sulfate, as sulfo group acceptors. Each of the engineered sulfotransferase enzymes have a biological activity characterized by the position within the heparosan-based polysaccharide that receives the sulfo group, including glucosaminyl N-sulfotransferase activity, hexuronyl 2-O sulfotransferase activity, glucosaminyl 6-O sulfotransferase activity, or glucosaminyl 3-O sulfotransferase activity. Methods of using the engineered sulfotransferases to produce sulfated heparosan-based polysaccharides, including polysaccharides having anticoagulant activity, are also provided.

The disclosure relates generally to bacteria that have been modified to have increased oxalate degrading activity, pharmaceutical compositions including the bacteria, and methods of treating disorders associated with an elevated amount of oxalate, e.g., hyperoxaluria.

The present invention includes methods for preparing anticoagulant polysaccharides using several non-naturally occurring, engineered sulfotransferase enzymes that are designed to react with aryl sulfate compounds instead of the natural substrate, PAPS, to facilitate sulfo group transfer to polysaccharide sulfo group acceptors. Suitable aryl sulfate compounds include, but are not limited to, p-nitrophenyl sulfate or 4-nitrocatechol sulfate. Anticoagulant polysaccharides produced by methods of the present invention comprise N-, 3-O-, 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residues and 2-O sulfated hexuronic acid residues, have comparable anticoagulant activity compared to commercially-available anticoagulant polysaccharides, and can be utilized to form truncated anticoagulant polysaccharides having a reduced molecular weight.

Biomarkers to screen for, identify, and/or characterize lung cancer in a subject with high selectivity and high specificity are disclosed. Also disclosed herein are methods for distinguishing lung cancer from another disease. Also disclosed herein are substrates, arrays, and reagents for use in the methods, and methods of their preparation.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms containing a fatty alcohol, fatty aldehyde or fatty acid pathway, wherein the microbial organisms selectively produce a fatty alcohol, fatty aldehyde or fatty acid of a specified length. Also provided are non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a fatty alcohol, fatty aldehyde or fatty acid pathway, wherein the microbial organisms further include an acetyl-CoA pathway. In some aspects, the microbial organisms of the invention have select gene disruptions or enzyme attenuations that increase production of fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes or fatty acids. The invention additionally provides methods of using the above microbial organisms to produce a fatty alcohol, a fatty aldehyde or a fatty acid.

Provided herein are microorganisms and methods for fermentative production of ß-ketoadipate from gaseous substrates such as carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), and/or hydrogen (H.sub.2). Additionally, the processes provided herein are methods for producing polymers containing ß-ketoadipate, that can potentially enable a circular economy by diverting waste, e.g., plastic waste.

Provided is a vector capable of co-expressing two different target proteins on the microbial surface using two promoters derived from Lactobacillus, and a method of expressing target proteins on the microbial surface using the vector. The vector containing foreign genes inserted therein is transformed into a microorganism, and allows different foreign proteins to be stably expressed on the surface of the microorganism. Furthermore, provided is a surface expression vector containing the gene pgsA encoding a poly-gamma-glutamate synthetase complex, and a method of expressing a target protein on the microbial surface using the vector. The vector containing foreign genes inserted therein is transformed into a microorganism, and allows the foreign proteins to be stably expressed on the surface of the microorganism.