The invention provides: a callus induction method that efficiently induces callus from a tissue fragment from an isoprenoid-producing plant; a callus culture method that efficiently grows callus; a somatic embryo induction method that efficiently forms a somatic embryo; a plant regeneration method that can stably regenerate callus into plants; a plant propagation method that can stably propagate a plant without being affected by e.g. weather and seasons; and a method of inducing rooting in a mature embryo. The present invention relates, inter alia, to a method of plant regeneration that can stably regenerate callus into plants and a method of plant propagation that can stably propagate a plant.

The present application discloses compositions and methods for use of nucleoside modified mRNA that encode for at least one liver regenerative factor. The present invention also relates to compositions and methods for use of nucleoside modified mRNA complexed to nanoparticles. The disclosed compositions and methods are useful for treating acute liver diseases, chronic liver diseases, and/or acetaminophen (acetyl-para-aminophenol, APAP) overdose.

The present invention relates to an in vitro culture of haematopoietic cells, wherein said haematopoietic cells differentiate to form granulocytes characterised by the ability to kill cancer cells. The invention also relates to said granulocytes, methods for identifying said haematopoietic cells and granulocytes, compositions and kits comprising the same, as well as uses of the same for treating cancer.

The present application discloses compositions and methods for use of nucleoside modified mRNA that encode for at least one liver regenerative factor. The present invention also relates to compositions and methods for use of nucleoside modified mRNA complexed to nanoparticles. The disclosed compositions and methods are useful for treating acute liver diseases, chronic liver diseases, and/or acetaminophen (acetyl-para-aminophenol, APAP) overdose.

Disclosed is a producing method of a mesenchymal stem cell for brain neuronal disease prevention or treatment including ghrelin treatment, a composition for producing a mesenchymal stem cell for brain neuronal disease prevention or treatment, a mesenchymal stem cell produced by the producing method, and a pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of brain neuronal disease containing the same. When using the producing method of the mesenchymal stem cells with the increased AgRP (Agouti related peptide) expression level according to the present disclosure, the mesenchymal stem cells produced by the method, or ghrelin, various brain neuronal diseases such as Alzheimer's disease may be effectively prevented or treated. When the composition for producing the mesenchymal stem cells with the increased AgRP expression level containing ghrelin according to the present disclosure is used, the mesenchymal stem cells with the increased AgRP expression level may be effectively produced.

The present invention relates to an in vitro culture of haematopoietic cells, wherein said haematopoietic cells differentiate to form granulocytes characterised by the ability to kill cancer cells. The invention also relates to said granulocytes, methods for identifying said haematopoietic cells and granulocytes, compositions and kits comprising the same, as well as uses of the same for treating cancer.

The presently disclosed subject matter provides for in vitro methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells (e.g., human stem cells) into somatotrophs, and differentiated cells generated by such methods. The presently disclosed subject matter also provides for uses of such cells for treating growth hormone deficiency.