The present application relates to a culture medium for the culture of intestinal organoids characterized in that it comprises neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). It also relates to a method using this medium to culture intestinal organoids.

The methods and compositions disclosed herein relate to the field of cell therapy, and more specifically, to improving CAR and/or TCR function through improvement of the tumor microenvironment via improvement in cytokine signaling. Methods of treating a cancer in a patient are disclosed comprising administering to the patient immune cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor or T-cell receptor and a membrane bound IL-18. Further disclosed are nucleic acids which encode a membrane bound IL-18 and methods for culturing cells expressing such nucleic acids.

Provided is a new use of a TGF- small molecule inhibitor in the field of neuroregeneration, which can be used for the in vitro regeneration and directed differentiation of various nerve cells and brain-like organs. By adding same to a set of basal media having clear chemical compositions. pluripotent stem cells can be induced into adult cells derived from a variety of neural stem cells, and the number of induced nerve cells and the size of organoids can be greatly increased. The induction system provided in the present invention expands new functions of a single small molecule in the field of ectodermal cell induction and differentiation and at the same time avoids the use of B27 and other serum substitutes, thereby completely avoiding the potential risks caused by the presence of animal-derived components in cell culture processes, and greatly expanding the clinical prospects of a variety of nerve cell transplantations.

Provided are age-modulated cells and method for making age-modulated cells. The aging and rejuvenation processes can be induced for young, aged, mature and/or immature cells, such as a somatic cell, a stem cell, a stem cell-derived somatic cell, including an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell, by contacting cells with one or more age-inducing or rejuvenating agent. Methods described by the present disclosure can produce age-appropriate cells from a somatic cell or a stem cell, such as an old cell, young cell, immature cell, and/or a mature cell. Such age-modified cells constitute model systems for the study of late-onset diseases and/or disorders.