The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TEM3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

A method for preparing an immune effector cell for transduction, comprising a step for increasing the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR); and, optionally, a step for inhibiting intracellular anti-viral defense mechanisms of the immune effector cell.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

Disclosed herein are methods for isolation and expansion of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) having one or more cell surface markers, and compositions comprising such UC-MSCs. Also disclosed herein are further processing methods for use in connection with the UC-MSCs to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) therefrom. Also disclosed herein are lyophilized EVs isolated from the UC-MSCs, and adapted for use as a therapeutic product.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method that makes it possible to suppress membrane clogging (primary clogging) in a production method for a product by cell culture. According to the present invention, there is provided a production method for a product, which includes culturing cells in a culture tank, in which a cell density at a time of production of the product is 8010.sup.6 cells/mL or more and 30010.sup.6 cells/mL or less, the culturing is perfusion culture, a culture scale is 5 L or more and 100,000 L or less, a cumulative number X [particles/mm.sup.2] of particles having a particle diameter of 1.47 to 6.00 m on Day 10 at the time of the production of the product per surface area of a membrane for separating cells and a product in a culture solution satisfies 0<X1.010.sup.8, and an aeration rate V [vvm] satisfies 0.09V1.0.

The present invention is directed to compositions and methods to increase the expression of PD-L1 and/or IDO-1 in a population of cells, the modulated cells expressing increased PD-L1 and/or IDO-1, and methods related to the immunosuppressive effects obtained by cells expressing increased PD-L1 and/or IDO-1.

The present invention provides for novel methods for regulating and detecting the cytosine methylation status of DNA. The invention is based upon identification of a novel and surprising catalytic activity for the family of TET proteins, namely TET1, TET2, TET3, and CXXC4. The novel activity is related to the enzymes being capable of converting the cytosine nucleotide 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by hydroxylation.

The present invention provides for methods of epigenetic analysis. In some cases, the methods may include obtaining a sample comprising a nucleic acid sequence. In some cases, the nucleic acid sequence may comprise one or more epigenetic marks. The methods may include performing a sequencing. The methods may include distinguishing a hydroxymethylated base from a methylated base.