Some embodiments are directed to a method for preparing a skin substitute, a dermal substitute, to a skin substitute, to a dermal substitute and to a kit for implementing the method. Some other embodiments are directed to a graft that can consist of of a skin substitute and to the use thereof as treating a skin disorder and/or a loss of skin substance.

Some embodiments are directed to an in vitro skin, in particular animal skin, including, mammalian and/or human skin, equivalent, and to the use thereof. In particular, the subject matter of some embodiments includes the use of a skin equivalent as a laboratory tool and/or in a method for testing cosmetic and/or dermatological compounds.

Methods are provided for production of differentiated tissue equivalent model systems from cryopreserved undifferentiated cells. The methods include seeding undifferentiated cells directly onto a support for differentiation immediately after recovery from cryopreservation, without intervening steps for expansion, harvesting, counting, or dilution of the cells.

Disclosed herein are synthetic leathers. artificial epidermal layers. artificial dermal layers, layered structures. products produced therefrom and methods of producing the same.

A synthetic skin tissue is served by at least one synthetic blood vessel and includes a physiologically representative population of cells including fibroblasts and keratinocytes, wherein some keratinocytes are in a differentiated state.

Disclosed herein are synthetic leathers, artificial epidermal layers, artificial dermal layers, layered structures, products produced therefrom and methods of producing the same.

Disclosed are bioprinted, three-dimensional, biological skin tissues comprising: a dermal layer comprising dermal fibroblasts; and an epidermal layer comprising keratinocytes, the epidermal layer in contact with the dermal layer to form the three-dimensional, engineered, biological skin tissue. Also disclosed are arrays of engineered skin tissues and methods of making engineered skin tissues.