The present invention is directed to compositions and methods to increase the expression of PD-L1 and/or IDO-1 in a population of cells, the modulated cells expressing increased PD-L1 and/or IDO-1, and methods related to the immunosuppressive effects obtained by cells expressing increased PD-L1 and/or IDO-1.

Disclosed is an efficient and non-genetically modified iPSC-induced, industrialized single clone selection platform, and a use. The platform can efficiently perform reprogramming, and only requires the use of a minimal number of reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, E6, E7). During the single clone separation stage of the present invention, SSEA4/TRA-1-60 is used as a screening marker, and a large number of single cell clones are obtained by means of flow cytometry. The platform described in the present invention has advantages such as high reprogramming efficiency, high safety, easy operation, and large-scale production.

Provided herein is a scalable method of producing CD71+ erythroid progenitor cells for use in cell therapies, such as immunomodulatory therapies in which a T-cell response is suppressed. The method includes induction of a fetal liver/yolk sac organoid from pluripotent stem cells. e.g. induced pluripotent stem cells by GATA6, followed by co-culturing CD34+ cells. e.g. from cord blood or bone marrow, with the organoid, optionally in the presence of thrombopoietin, stem cell factor, and/or FLT3 ligand. Also provided herein is a bioreactor for producing the CD71+ erythroid progenitor cells.