This invention relates to a novel approach for the generation of human induced neural border stem cells (iNBSCs) by the direct conversion of somatic cells (peripheral blood, skin biopsies) and to novel uses of such cells, including the differentiation of these stem cells into cell types of the CNS and the neural crest lineages, and the uses of such cells.

Disclosed is a method of producing non-exhausted immature dendritic cells (DCs) originating front at two different, allogeneic donors. In the method, a mixture of allogeneic leukocytes, which allogeneic leukocytes have been obtained from at least two different, allogeneic donors is provided. Subsequently, allogeneic monocytes are isolated from the mixture of allogeneic leukocytes. Thereafter, non-exhausted immature DCs are generated from said isolated allogeneic monocytes.

A method for producing natural killer cells is disclosed. The method comprises isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a blood sample; isolating at least one of CD56+ cells and/or CD3/CD56+ cells from the PBMCs; and co-culturing the at least one of CD56+ cells and/or CD3/CD56+ cells with a combination of feeder cells in the presence of a cytokine. A composition for treating cancer is also disclosed. The composition comprises the CD56+ natural killer cells produced by the disclosed method and a cytokine.

The invention relates to progenitor cells of mesodermal lineage and their use in therapy.

The invention provides anti-inflammatory exosomes that, when administered locally or systemically to a subject diagnosed with an inflammatory disease or disorder, will downregulate the inflammatory process in the subject.

The disclosure relates to a method of reprogramming one or more somatic cells, e.g., partially differentiated or fully/terminally differentiated somatic cells, to a less differentiated state, e.g., a pluripotent or multipotent state. In further embodiments the invention also relates to reprogrammed somatic cells produced by methods of the invention, to chimeric animals comprising reprogrammed somatic cells of the invention, to uses of said cells, and to methods for identifying agents useful for reprogramming somatic cells.

The present invention aims to provide a method of producing motor neurons/neurons that sufficiently reproduce intrinsic properties of motor neurons/neurons, especially of the motor neurons/neurons in patients, from pluripotent stem cells promptly and synchronically, and a pluripotent stem cell capable of differentiating into a neuron or a motor neuron promptly and synchronically after a drug treatment. A method of generating a motor neuron from a pluripotent stem cell, comprising the following steps in order from (1) to (2): (1) introducing one or more nucleic acids encoding Lhx3, Ngn2, and Isl1 into a pluripotent stem cell; and (2) maintaining expression of the Lhx3, Ngn2, and Isl1 for three days or more.

Provided is a method for producing naive induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells, comprising the following steps (1) to (3): (1) introducing one or more vectors containing a reprogramming factor into human somatic cells, (2) culturing said somatic cells in the presence of a naive medium, and (3) after step (2), culturing the resulting cells in the presence of the naive medium under the condition in which the amount of the vectors per the somatic cell is reduced to 30% or less of that at the start of step 3.

[Problems]

To provide a method for producing regenerated T cells via iPS cells into which TCRs isolated from tumor tissue-infiltrating CD106-positive T cells have been introduced.

[Solutions]

Provided is a method for producing regenerated T cells via iPS cells, comprising: 1. A step for preparing cDNAs respectively encoding a TCR chain and a TCR chain from individual cells in a CD106-positive T cell population obtained from subjects and having reactivity with a tumor-related antigen; 2. A step for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells which are obtained from the subjects and from which B cells and T cells have been removed or T cells into iPS cells, and selecting iPS cell clones having high efficiency of differentiation into T cells from the obtained iPS cells; 3. A step for introducing the cDNAs into the iPS cell clones, hematopoietic stem cells differentiated from the iPS cell clones, immature T cells differentiated from the hematopoietic stem cells, or mature T cells differentiated from the immature T cells; and 4. A step for performing the differentiation of the iPS cell clones having the cDNAs introduced therein, the hematopoietic stem cells or the immature T cells which have been obtained in step 3 into mature T cells and the proliferation of the mature T cells.

The present invention relates to novel immunoregulatory macrophage cells which are useful in the treatment of different immunological and non-immunological diseases and conditions. The cells are characterized by a specific marker and activity pattern which distinguishes them from other cells. The novel immunoregulatory macrophage cells have a high phagocytosing capacity and are capable to suppress the proliferation of T cells. The invention also provides a novel process for preparing immunoregulatory macrophage cells in suspension culture from blood monocytes. The process is amenable to a high degree of automation. In a still further aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the immunoregulatory macrophage cells of the invention.