The present invention relates to a covalently closed circular recombinant DNA molecule comprising an origin of replication and an insert comprising a homopolymeric region, wherein the homopolymeric region is located at a distance of least 500 bp from the origin of replication in the direction of replication and/or wherein the insert comprising a homopolymeric region is oriented so that the direction of transcription of the insert is the same as the direction of replication of the origin of replication. The invention further relates to the use of the covalently closed circular recombinant DNA molecule for increasing the yield and/or shortening the fermentation time during fermentation.

The present disclosure provides methods of generating recombinant bacteriophage genomes via semi-synthesis. Specifically, the present technology provides methods of integrating a heterologous nucleic acid sequence into a bacteriophage genome, and isolating recombinant bacteriophages that express the heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

Provided are engineered phages populations, which are homogeneous in length, as well as methods of making and methods of using such phages. Also provided are engineered chlorotoxin -phages as well as their methods of making and using. The disclosed homogeneous phage populations and chlorotoxin-phages may be used, for example, for treating and/or imaging tumors, such as central nervous system tumors.

Circular RNA and methods and constructs for engineering circular RNA are disclosed. In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes the following elements arranged in the following sequence: a) an adjacent exon sequence of a 3 Group I self-splicing intron-exon, b) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), c) a protein coding region or noncoding region, and d) an adjacent exon sequence of a 5 Group I self-splicing intron-exon.

Modified probiotics, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of modulating and treating disorders are disclosed.

Circular RNA and methods and constructs for engineering circular RNA are disclosed. In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes the following elements arranged in the following sequence: a) a 3 Group I self-splicing intron fragment, b) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), c) a protein coding region or noncoding region, and d) a 5 Group I self-splicing intron fragment.

Modified probiotics, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of modulating and treating disorders are disclosed.

Circular RNA and methods and constructs for engineering circular RNA are disclosed. In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes the following elements arranged in the following sequence: a) an adjacent exon sequence of a 3 Group I self-splicing intron-exon, b) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), c) a protein coding region or noncoding region, and d) an adjacent exon sequence of a 5 Group I self-splicing intron-exon.

Circular RNA and methods and constructs for engineering circular RNA are disclosed. In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes the following elements arranged in the following sequence: a) a 3 Group I self-splicing intron fragment, b) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), c) a protein coding region or noncoding region, and d) a 5 Group I self-splicing intron fragment.

Circular RNA and methods and constructs for engineering circular RNA are disclosed. In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes the following elements arranged in the following sequence: a) a 3 Group I self-splicing intron fragment, b) an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), c) a protein coding region or noncoding region, and d) a 5 Group I self-splicing intron fragment.