A method for preparing a feedstuff comprising butyric acid and/or butyrate, comprising: adding a microorganism into a light corn steepwater to provide a mixture, wherein the microorganism comprises a first strain and the first strain is able to metabolize saccharides and/or organic compounds in a fermentation to produce butyric acid; keeping the mixture under an anaerobic atmosphere to conduct the fermentation to provide a fermentation broth; and optionally condensing the fermentation broth. Optionally, the microorganism further comprises a second strain, wherein the second strain is able to fix a carbon oxide.

A method for preparing a feedstuff comprising butyric acid and/or butyrate, comprising: adding a microorganism into a light corn steepwater to provide a mixture, wherein the microorganism comprises a first strain and the first strain is able to metabolize saccharides and/or organic compounds in a fermentation to produce butyric acid; keeping the mixture under an anaerobic atmosphere to conduct the fermentation to provide a fermentation broth; and optionally condensing the fermentation broth. Optionally, the microorganism further comprises a second strain, wherein the second strain is able to fix a carbon oxide.

Provided herein are methods for processing biomass materials that are disposed in one or more structures or carriers, e.g., a bag, a shell, a net, a membrane, a mesh or any combination of these. Containing the material in this manner allows it to be readily added or removed at any point and in any sequence during processing.

Provided herein are methods for processing biomass materials that are disposed in one or more structures or carriers, e.g., a bag, a shell, a net, a membrane, a mesh or any combination of these. Containing the material in this manner allows it to be readily added or removed at any point and in any sequence during processing.

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can convert feedstock materials to a sugar solution, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol. Biomass feedstock is saccharified in a vessel by operation of a jet mixer, the vessel also containing a liquid medium and a saccharifying agent.

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can convert feedstock materials to a sugar solution, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol. Biomass feedstock is saccharified in a vessel by operation of a jet mixer, the vessel also containing a liquid medium and a saccharifying agent.

Construction and expression of synthetic pathways to produce (5) or (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) as enantiomerically-pure products by genetically engineering cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Under optimized growth conditions, the pathway employing phaA and phaB from R. eutropha was the most effective, producing up to 533.45.5 mg/l (R)-3HB after 21 days photosynthetic cultivation. For the first time, the feasibility and high efficiency of producing 3HB using solar energy and CO.sub.2 as sole energy and carbon sources by engineered cyanobacteria is demonstrated.

Construction and expression of synthetic pathways to produce (5) or (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) as enantiomerically-pure products by genetically engineering cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Under optimized growth conditions, the pathway employing phaA and phaB from R. eutropha was the most effective, producing up to 533.45.5 mg/l (R)-3HB after 21 days photosynthetic cultivation. For the first time, the feasibility and high efficiency of producing 3HB using solar energy and CO.sub.2 as sole energy and carbon sources by engineered cyanobacteria is demonstrated.

Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.

Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.