Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, microbial, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as food products and amino acids.

Provided are a microorganism producing an L-amino acid or a precursor thereof, and a method of producing an L-amino acid or a precursor thereof using the microorganism.

Provided are a microorganism having an enhanced L-histidine producing ability and a method of producing histidine using the same.

Provided are a microorganism having an enhanced L-histidine producing ability and a method of producing histidine using the same.

Disclosed are a mutant of a pyruvate carboxylase gene promoter of Corynebacterium glutamicum and applications thereof. The mutant has improved promoter activity compared with a wild-type promoter, and can be used for enhancing expression of a target gene, for example, operably ligating the mutant to a pyruvate carboxylase gene enhances the expression intensity of the pyruvate carboxylase, thereby improving the production efficiency of amino acids of the strain.

Disclosed are a mutant of a pyruvate carboxylase gene promoter of Corynebacterium glutamicum and applications thereof. The mutant has improved promoter activity compared with a wild-type promoter, and can be used for enhancing expression of a target gene, for example, operably ligating the mutant to a pyruvate carboxylase gene enhances the expression intensity of the pyruvate carboxylase, thereby improving the production efficiency of amino acids of the strain.

A method of culturing human induced pluripotent stem cells includes inoculating human induced pluripotent stem cells in a culture medium at an inoculation density of 1.0×10.sup.4 to 1.0×10.sup.6 cells/cm.sup.2 in a culture vessel and subjecting the human induced pluripotent stem cells to two-dimensional culturing. A method of producing cerebral organoids includes culturing a culture of the human induced pluripotent stem cells obtained by the method of culturing human induced pluripotent stem cells in a culture medium containing a BMP inhibitor and a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) inhibitor to form cell aggregates, culturing the cell aggregates in a culture medium containing a Wnt signal transduction pathway potentiator and an extracellular matrix, and subjecting the culturing obtained in the culturing the cell aggregates to spinner culturing.

The present invention relates to methods of providing a biomass residuum and compositions thereof. In particular examples, the biomass residuum includes one or more high value amino acids, even after removal of mixed alcohol components. In particular, the methods include implementing pre-treatment conditions and employing fermentation conditions including modified organisms.

The present invention relates to methods of providing a biomass residuum and compositions thereof. In particular examples, the biomass residuum includes one or more high value amino acids, even after removal of mixed alcohol components. In particular, the methods include implementing pre-treatment conditions and employing fermentation conditions including modified organisms.

A method is described for producing an L-amino acid including the steps of cultivating in a culture medium an L-amino acid-producing bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae to produce and accumulate the L-amino acid in the culture medium, cells of the bacterium, or both, and collecting the L-amino acid from the culture medium, the cells, or both, wherein said bacterium has been modified to overexpress a gene encoding a periplasmic adaptor protein.