In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, embodiments of the present disclosure, in some aspects, relate to genetically modified Streptomyces bacteria capable of increased thaxtomin production, genetically modified Streptomyces bacteria with reduced activity of a CebR protein encoded by a cebR gene and/or reduced activity of a β-glucosidase enzyme encoded by the bglC gene, genetically modified Streptomyces bacteria including a mutation of a native cebR gene and/or a native bglC gene, methods of increasing thaxtomin production in Streptomyces bacteria, methods of suppressing CebR and/or BglC activity, methods of producing thaxtomin, and thaxtomin produced by the methods of the present disclosure.

The genomic DNA of Streptoverticillium sp. 3-7, which produces UK-2, was analyzed to identify a region expected to be a UK-2 biosynthetic gene cluster. Moreover, by colony hybridization, DNAs in the region were successfully isolated. Further, the DNAs were used to prepare a strain in which the genes present in the region were disrupted. The strain was found not to produce UK-2. It was verified that the genomic region was the UK-2 biosynthetic gene cluster. Furthermore, Streptoverticillium sp. 3-7 was transformed by introduction of a vector in which the isolated UK-2 biosynthetic gene cluster was inserted. It was also found out that the UK-2 productivity by the transformant was improved about 10 to 60 times or more in comparison with that of the parental strain. Moreover, it was revealed that 2 copies of the UK-2 biosynthetic gene cluster were present per cell in these transformants, respectively.

Described are methods including cell wall-associated melanin extraction and extracting melanin from microbes producing extracellular vesicles comprising melanin. Further described are composition comprising melanin, melanin coated articles and methods of coating an article. Uses of melanin in methods of heat generation and microwave radiation protection are also described.

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of indigoid dye precursors and their conversion to indigoid dyes. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using polypeptides to produce indigoid dye precursors from indole feed compounds, and the use of the indigoid dye precursors to produce indigoid dyes.

The present invention is directed to an industrial fermentation process for cultivating a Bacillus cell in a chemically defined fermentation medium and a method for producing a protein of interest comprising the steps of providing a chemically defined fermentation medium, inoculating the fermentation medium with a Bacillus cell comprising a gene encoding a protein of interest, cultivating the Bacillus cell in the fermentation medium under conditions conductive for the growth of the Bacillus cell and the expression of the protein of interest, wherein the cultivation of the Bacillus cell comprises the addition of one or more feed solutions comprising one or more chemically defined carbon sources and one or more trace element ions to the fermentation medium.

A monooxygenase having an amino acid sequence obtained by mutation of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 is disclosed. The use of the monooxygenase of the present invention in production of chiral sulfoxide-based drugs has advantages including mild reaction conditions, environmental friendliness, high yield, high optical purity of products, less peroxide products, and the like, and therefore the monooxygenase in the present invention has a good industrial application prospect in the production of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Disclosed are methods for preparing isoprenoid subunits, as well as methods of employing these isoprenoid subunits for the synthesis of isoprenoids. Also provided are isoprenoids prepared using the methods described herein.

Described are modified nucleic acids encoding an imine reductase enzyme. Also described are modified imine reductase enzymes. In some embodiments, the imine reductase enzymes may be used to produce products and intermediates thereof, such as (S)-nicotine.

This application describes transcriptional units, synthetic expression systems, and host cells comprising transcriptional units and synthetic expression systems, wherein the synthetic expression system is capable of expressing a gene of interest. Also described are methods for the production of bioproducts (including, but not limited to, proteins or RNA expressed from the gene of interest). In some embodiments, bioproducts are produced from host cells under culture conditions without addition of methanol.

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of indigoid dye precursors and their conversion to indigoid dyes. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using polypeptides to produce indigoid dye precursors from indole feed compounds, and the use of the indigoid dye precursors to produce indigoid dyes.