Provided herein are methods of identifying a methylation status of an analyte in a biological sample. Also provided herein are methods that combine identifying the methylation status with spatial technology to identify the location of a methylation status in a biological sample.

Provided herein are methods of identifying a methylation status of an analyte in a biological sample. Also provided herein are methods that combine identifying the methylation status with spatial technology to identify the location of a methylation status in a biological sample.

Provided herein are methods of identifying a methylation status of an analyte in a biological sample. Also provided herein are methods that combine identifying the methylation status with spatial technology to identify the location of a methylation status in a biological sample.

Provided herein are methods of identifying a methylation status of an analyte in a biological sample. Also provided herein are methods that combine identifying the methylation status with spatial technology to identify the location of a methylation status in a biological sample.

Provided are methods for using chimeric proteins to produce RNA modifications that can be detected by sequencing methods, including methods detecting relative translation rates of various mRNAs. Also provided herein are compositions comprising chimeric proteins, wherein the chimeric proteins comprise a RNA editing protein and a ribosomal protein.

Provided are methods for using chimeric proteins to produce RNA modifications that can be detected by sequencing methods, including methods detecting relative translation rates of various mRNAs. Also provided herein are compositions comprising chimeric proteins, wherein the chimeric proteins comprise a RNA editing protein and a ribosomal protein.

Provided herein are systems, compositions, and methods for the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins via nonsense suppression or rare codon suppression. Nonsense codons and rare codons may be introduced into the coding sequence of a protein of interest using a CRISPR/Cas9-based nucleobase editor described herein. The nucleobase editors are able to be programmed by guide nucleotide sequences to edit the target codons in the coding sequence of the protein of interest. Also provided are application enabled by the technology described herein.

Provided herein are systems, compositions, and methods for the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins via nonsense suppression or rare codon suppression. Nonsense codons and rare codons may be introduced into the coding sequence of a protein of interest using a CRISPR/Cas9-based nucleobase editor described herein. The nucleobase editors are able to be programmed by guide nucleotide sequences to edit the target codons in the coding sequence of the protein of interest. Also provided are application enabled by the technology described herein.

A method for determining the number of nucleic acid molecules (NAMs) in a group of NAMs, comprising i) obtaining an amplified and mutagenized group of NAMs that was produced by a. subjecting the group of NAMs to a chemical mutagenesis which mutates only select nucleic acid bases in the group of NAMs at a rate of 10% to 90% thus forming a group of mutagenized NAMs (mNAMs), and b. amplifying the group of mNAMs; ii) obtaining sequences of the mNAMs in the group of amplified mNAMs; and iii) counting the number of different sequences obtained in step (ii) to determine the number of unique mNAMs in the group of mNAMS,
thereby determining the number of NAMs in the group of NAMs.

A method for determining the number of nucleic acid molecules (NAMs) in a group of NAMs, comprising i) obtaining an amplified and mutagenized group of NAMs that was produced by a. subjecting the group of NAMs to a chemical mutagenesis which mutates only select nucleic acid bases in the group of NAMs at a rate of 10% to 90% thus forming a group of mutagenized NAMs (mNAMs), and b. amplifying the group of mNAMs; ii) obtaining sequences of the mNAMs in the group of amplified mNAMs; and iii) counting the number of different sequences obtained in step (ii) to determine the number of unique mNAMs in the group of mNAMS,
thereby determining the number of NAMs in the group of NAMs.