A real-time quantitative PCR assay that utilizes a duplex, synthetic DNA standard to ensure optimal quality assurance and quality control. One embodiment of the invention facilitates amplification of mtDNA by focusing on a 105-base pair target sequence that is minimally homologous to non-human mtDNA. The present invention can also be used to identify the presence of PCR inhibitors and thus indicate the need for sample repurification.

In a method for comparative analysis, the expression levels of the target miRNAs in each body fluid sample are corrected using the expression level(s) of a correcting endogenous miRNA(s) that is/are simultaneously measured with the expression levels of the target miRNAs in the sample. As the correcting endogenous miRNA(s), one or more miRNAs selected from specific 10 kinds of correcting endogenous miRNAs is/are used. Comparative analysis of target miRNAs among body fluid samples can be carried out more accurately than by conventional techniques.

In a method for comparative analysis, the expression levels of the target miRNAs in each body fluid sample are corrected using the expression level(s) of a correcting endogenous miRNA(s) that is/are simultaneously measured with the expression levels of the target miRNAs in the sample. As the correcting endogenous miRNA(s), one or more miRNAs selected from specific 10 kinds of correcting endogenous miRNAs is/are used. Comparative analysis of target miRNAs among body fluid samples can be carried out more accurately than by conventional techniques.

The invention relates to methods of detecting a genetic variation in a genetic sample from a subject using labeled probes and counting the number of labels in the probes.

The invention relates to methods of detecting a genetic variation in a genetic sample from a subject using labeled probes and counting the number of labels in the probes.

Provided herein are methods for analyzing hybridization between a target polynucleotide in a sample solution and probes bound to a surface, such as probes of a microarray. The methods involve contacting said sample solution to at least two probe sets, which are characterized in that the probes within each probe set have a hybridization sequence of a fixed length. Probes of different probe sets have hybridization sequences of different lengths. A comparison between the data obtained for the different probe sets allows for increasing the dynamic range of hybridization methods.

Provided herein are methods for analyzing hybridization between a target polynucleotide in a sample solution and probes bound to a surface, such as probes of a microarray. The methods involve contacting said sample solution to at least two probe sets, which are characterized in that the probes within each probe set have a hybridization sequence of a fixed length. Probes of different probe sets have hybridization sequences of different lengths. A comparison between the data obtained for the different probe sets allows for increasing the dynamic range of hybridization methods.

Disclosed herein are methods to determine the abundance of nucleotide sequences relative to other nucleotide sequences in a complex genome.

Disclosed herein are methods to determine the abundance of nucleotide sequences relative to other nucleotide sequences in a complex genome.

The present disclosure provides compositions, methods and kits for internal controls of microvesicle isolations. The compositions, methods and kits can comprise enveloped viruses, including, but not limited to, inactive mouse hepatitis virus (MHV).