A precision graphene nanoribbon (GNR) bridge molecule can include: a central GNR having a precision structure selected the following structural types: armchair, zigzag, cove, chevron, and fjord; a functional anchoring group at either end of the GNR selected from the following: amine, thiol, thioether, stannane, halide, boronic acid, boronic ester, azide, and carbene; a central functional conjugation group at a precisely specified location; and edge group functionalization with solubilizing groups selected from the following: linear and branched alkyl chains, substituted aromatic rings, oligoethylene glycol, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids.

A precision graphene nanoribbon (GNR) bridge molecule can include: a central GNR having a precision structure selected the following structural types: armchair, zigzag, cove, chevron, and fjord; a functional anchoring group at either end of the GNR selected from the following: amine, thiol, thioether, stannane, halide, boronic acid, boronic ester, azide, and carbene; a central functional conjugation group at a precisely specified location; and edge group functionalization with solubilizing groups selected from the following: linear and branched alkyl chains, substituted aromatic rings, oligoethylene glycol, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids.

An integrated circuit for controlling a sensor chip capable of sensing various materials includes a plurality of amplifier clusters, a plurality of analog multiplexers, and at least one analog-to-digital converter coupled the analog multiplexers and configured to generate digital code values representative of electrical signals. Each of the amplifier clusters include four amplifiers, each amplifier has a first input coupled to a sensor of the sensor chip, and a second input coupled to a programmable voltage reference. Each one of the analog multiplexers is coupled to one of the amplifier clusters and configured to selectively pass through an electrical signal to the at least one analog-to-digital converter.

An integrated circuit for controlling a sensor chip capable of sensing various materials includes a plurality of amplifier clusters, a plurality of analog multiplexers, and at least one analog-to-digital converter coupled the analog multiplexers and configured to generate digital code values representative of electrical signals. Each of the amplifier clusters include four amplifiers, each amplifier has a first input coupled to a sensor of the sensor chip, and a second input coupled to a programmable voltage reference. Each one of the analog multiplexers is coupled to one of the amplifier clusters and configured to selectively pass through an electrical signal to the at least one analog-to-digital converter.

Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

The present invention discloses an electrophoretic chip comprising: (a) a non-conductive substrate designed to support elements of said electrophoretic chip; (b) an electrode structure for conducting current through said electrophoretic chip, printed on said non-conductive substrate and comprising a counter electrode and at least one working electrode, each electrode comprising a conductive low-resistance ink layer printed on the non-conductive substrate, and a carbon ink layer printed on top of and fully or partially covering said conductive low-resistance ink layer; (c) a dielectric ink insulator layer placed on top of, and covering, said electrode structure, said dielectric ink insulator layer having at least one opening above the counter electrode and at least one opening above said at least one working electrode, thereby forming at least one addressable location; and (d) a molecule capturing matrix spotted on and covering said at least one addressable location, thereby creating at least one microgel region.

The present invention discloses an electrophoretic chip comprising: (a) a non-conductive substrate designed to support elements of said electrophoretic chip; (b) an electrode structure for conducting current through said electrophoretic chip, printed on said non-conductive substrate and comprising a counter electrode and at least one working electrode, each electrode comprising a conductive low-resistance ink layer printed on the non-conductive substrate, and a carbon ink layer printed on top of and fully or partially covering said conductive low-resistance ink layer; (c) a dielectric ink insulator layer placed on top of, and covering, said electrode structure, said dielectric ink insulator layer having at least one opening above the counter electrode and at least one opening above said at least one working electrode, thereby forming at least one addressable location; and (d) a molecule capturing matrix spotted on and covering said at least one addressable location, thereby creating at least one microgel region.

The present invention relates to a method of detecting a target nucleic acid on the basis of rolling circle amplification (RCA), and more specifically, to a method of detecting a target nucleic acid, the method in which a target nucleic acid (a nucleic acid having a target nucleic acid sequence), when present, forms a circular template with a template for performing an amplification reaction, wherein during the amplification reaction, a restriction enzyme is added to further induce a new RCA reaction, thus increasing the reaction rate and sensitivity, and to an RCA composition for implementing the method. The method of detecting a target nucleic acid according to the present invention, by detecting a barcode sequence predefined according to the type of the target nucleic acid, enables multiple detections of the presence of the target nucleic acid without sequencing, is inexpensive for not using costly enzymes, such as CRISPR, can detect barcode sequences, and can utilize various existing nucleic acid detection systems, and thus, can be useful in the detection of gene mutations.

The present invention relates to a method of detecting a target nucleic acid on the basis of rolling circle amplification (RCA), and more specifically, to a method of detecting a target nucleic acid, the method in which a target nucleic acid (a nucleic acid having a target nucleic acid sequence), when present, forms a circular template with a template for performing an amplification reaction, wherein during the amplification reaction, a restriction enzyme is added to further induce a new RCA reaction, thus increasing the reaction rate and sensitivity, and to an RCA composition for implementing the method. The method of detecting a target nucleic acid according to the present invention, by detecting a barcode sequence predefined according to the type of the target nucleic acid, enables multiple detections of the presence of the target nucleic acid without sequencing, is inexpensive for not using costly enzymes, such as CRISPR, can detect barcode sequences, and can utilize various existing nucleic acid detection systems, and thus, can be useful in the detection of gene mutations.