Provided herein are compositions and systems for use in polymerase-dependent, nucleotide transient-binding methods. The methods are useful for deducing the sequence of a template nucleic acid molecule and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses. The methods rely on the fact that the polymerase transient-binding time for a complementary nucleotide is longer compared to that of a non-complementary nucleotide. The labeled nucleotides transiently-binds the polymerase in a template-dependent manner, but does not incorporate. The methods are conducted under any reaction condition that permits transient binding of a complementary or non-complementary nucleotide to a polymerase, and inhibits nucleotide incorporation.

Provided herein are compositions and systems for use in polymerase-dependent, nucleotide transient-binding methods. The methods are useful for deducing the sequence of a template nucleic acid molecule and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses. The methods rely on the fact that the polymerase transient-binding time for a complementary nucleotide is longer compared to that of a non-complementary nucleotide. The labeled nucleotides transiently-binds the polymerase in a template-dependent manner, but does not incorporate. The methods are conducted under any reaction condition that permits transient binding of a complementary or non-complementary nucleotide to a polymerase, and inhibits nucleotide incorporation.

Nucleotides are provided with at least one isotope. The isotope-modified nucleotides can be used for data storage, increasing the data density compared to only natural nucleotides. Described is a method of storing data on a DNA strand, the method comprising providing a DNA strand having at least one isotope-modified nucleotide comprising at least one isotope of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, assigning a bit pattern to the at least one isotope-modified nucleotide that is different than a bit pattern assigned to a non-isotope-modified nucleotide. Data could be stored on any molecule that can be isotope-modified.

Nucleotides are provided with at least one isotope. The isotope-modified nucleotides can be used for data storage, increasing the data density compared to only natural nucleotides. Described is a method of storing data on a DNA strand, the method comprising providing a DNA strand having at least one isotope-modified nucleotide comprising at least one isotope of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, assigning a bit pattern to the at least one isotope-modified nucleotide that is different than a bit pattern assigned to a non-isotope-modified nucleotide. Data could be stored on any molecule that can be isotope-modified.

A nanopore structure in an embodiment according to the present invention includes a first metal member having a thin film structure and a through hole, and a second metal member arranged to narrow a diameter of the through hole. The first metal member and the second metal member form a nanopore having a pore diameter of 10 nm or less.

A nanopore structure in an embodiment according to the present invention includes a first metal member having a thin film structure and a through hole, and a second metal member arranged to narrow a diameter of the through hole. The first metal member and the second metal member form a nanopore having a pore diameter of 10 nm or less.

A sensor for detecting a target pathogen (e.g., a virus or a bacterium) in a specimen is disclosed, which includes at least two sensing units one of which is configured to detect at least one protein (such as a structural protein) associated with the target pathogen and another one is configured to detect at least one genetic component (e.g., an RNA or a DNA segment) associated with that pathogen (e.g., an RNA segment that is unique to that pathogen).

A sensor for detecting a target pathogen (e.g., a virus or a bacterium) in a specimen is disclosed, which includes at least two sensing units one of which is configured to detect at least one protein (such as a structural protein) associated with the target pathogen and another one is configured to detect at least one genetic component (e.g., an RNA or a DNA segment) associated with that pathogen (e.g., an RNA segment that is unique to that pathogen).

The present disclosure relates to using spectrophotometry to estimate genome copies and full/empty ratios adeno-associated virus particles.

The present disclosure relates to using spectrophotometry to estimate genome copies and full/empty ratios adeno-associated virus particles.