The disclosure relates to the field of multiple sclerosis (MS) stratification by analyzing the body fluid of an MS patient. The invention also relates to the field of antigen specific immunotherapies, such as the induction of tolerance.

An isolated nucleic acid encoding an FX protein having a serine at position 79, a lysine at position 90, a leucine at position 136, an arginine at position 211, a serine at position 289, and a combination thereof is provided. Cells having a gene encoding a modified FX protein are provided, wherein the cells exhibit a reduced ability to fucosylate a glycoprotein at a first temperature, but exhibit the ability to fucosylate the glycoprotein at a second temperature. Methods and compositions for making glycoproteins with reduced fucosylation are provided.

Provided herein are host cells capable of producing a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), such as yeast cells that are deficient in expression or activity of an endogenous oxidoreductase. Also provided are fermentation compositions including the disclosed host cells, as well as related methods of producing and recovering HMOs generated by the host cells.

Mammalian milk oligosaccharides (MMO) are produced in plants engineered to express recombinant MMO biosynthetic pathways.

An isolated nucleic acid encoding an FX protein having a serine at position 79, a lysine at position 90, a leucine at position 136, an arginine at position 211, a serine at position 289, and a combination thereof is provided. Cells having a gene encoding a modified FX protein are provided, wherein the cells exhibit a reduced ability to fucosylate a glycoprotein at a first temperature, but exhibit the ability to fucosylate the glycoprotein at a second temperature. Methods and compositions for making glycoproteins with reduced fucosylation are provided.

Described here are genetically modified microorganisms with reduced protease activity for the expression of recombinant proteins and without mucoid phenotypes. Also described are methods of making and using the same.

A method of selecting cells having zero fucose level useful as host cells for expressing recombinant proteins is disclosed. The method comprises: (d) introducing genetic mutations into a population of CHO cells by contacting the cells with a methotrexate (MTX), (e) contacting the population of CHO cells comprising mutated cells with a non-toxic fucose binding agent for an amount of time that allows binding of the fucose binding agent to a fucose moiety on a cell membrane of the population of cells, wherein the amount of time does not allow killing of the cells; and (f) depleting from the population of cells comprising mutated cells, a subpopulation of cells which bind the fucose binding agent, thereby selecting cells useful as host cells for expressing recombinant proteins, the selected cells having zero fucose content. There are also disclosed cells and cell lines useful as host cells for expressing recombinant proteins.

An isolated nucleic acid encoding an FX protein having a serine at position 79, a lysine at position 90, a leucine at position 136, an arginine at position 211, a serine at position 289, and a combination thereof is provided. Cells having a gene encoding a modified FX protein are provided, wherein the cells exhibit a reduced ability to fucosylate a glycoprotein at a first temperature, but exhibit the ability to fucosylate the glycoprotein at a second temperature. Methods and compositions for making glycoproteins with reduced fucosylation are provided.

Provided herein are genetically modified yeast cells capable of producing one or more human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and methods of making such cells. The yeast cells are engineered to comprise a heterologous nucleic acid encoding a transporter protein and one or more heterologous nucleic acids that encode enzymes of a HMO biosynthetic pathway. Also provided are fermentation compositions including the disclosed genetically modified yeast cells, and related methods of producing and recovering HMOs generated by the yeast cells.

A genetically modified Corynebacterium for production of fucosyllactose, wherein the Corynebacterium has been modified to express a permease for lactose import, GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD), GDP-L-fucose synthase (WcaG) and fucosyltransferase (FucT) from exogenous nucleic acid sequences. The exogenous nucleic acid sequences encode a permease for lactose import and the GMD, WcaG and FucT are chromosomally integrated. The Corynebacterium additionally may comprise chromosomally integrated exogenous nucleic acid sequences for expression of phosphomannomutase (ManB) and GTP-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (ManC). In certain embodiments, the Corynebacterium is Corynebacterium glutamicum. The Corynebacterium of the invention may be defective for functional expression of one or more glycosyltransferases involved in corynebacterial cell wall biosynthesis.