A recombinant flavocytochrome b2 (FCb2), comprising a mature FCb2 peptide sequence of a native FCb2, or a functionally active variant of said mature FCb2 peptide sequence, wherein the N-terminus of said mature FCb2 peptide sequence consists of a truncated signal peptide sequence replacing the native signal peptide sequence, and wherein said truncated signal peptide sequence is of the following structure from N- to C-terminus: i. a methionine; ii. optionally a tag sequence; iii. an amino acid sequence of a length of 0-9 amino acids of the native signal peptide sequence, corresponding to the amino acid sequence up to 9 amino acids directly upstream of the I/L/V-x-N/A/L motif of the native signal peptide sequence of FCb2; and iv. the I/L/V-x-N/A/L motif, which can be of number 0, 1, or can be partially truncated, wherein if the number is 0 or the I/L/V-x-N/A/L is partially truncated, the length of the amino acid sequence of iii. is 0, wherein the amino acid sequence of said recombinant FCb2 is different from SEQ ID NO: 145.

Provided is an acid-tolerant yeast cell, a method of producing an organic acid by using the yeast cell, and a method of producing the yeast cell resistant to acid.

Provided are a genetically engineered yeast cell having increased activity of SUL1, STR3, HXT7, ERR1, GRX8, MXR1, GRE1, MRK1, AAD10 or a combination thereof, compared to a parent cell, and also having acid tolerance, a method of preparing the same, and a method of producing lactate using the same.

A recombinant yeast cell having a decreased RGT1 protein activity and an increased ability to produce a glycolytic intermediate or a glycolytic intermediate-derived substance, compared to a parent cell; methods of producing the same; and methods of producing the glycolytic intermediate or the glycolytic intermediate-derived substance using the same.

Described are compositions and methods relating to modified yeast that over-express cytochrome B2. The yeast produces an increased amount of alcohol compared to parental cells. Such yeast is particularly useful for large-scale ethanol production from starch substrates.

Provided is an acid-tolerant yeast cell, a method of producing an organic acid by using the yeast cell, and a method of producing the yeast cell resistant to acid.

According to the present disclosure, there is provided a system for culturing animal cells using a component derived from an organism such as algae as a nutrient source, and reusing the culture waste liquid. The present disclosure provides an organism or a cultured cell which undergoes a modification, in which the modification includes imparting or enhancing L-lactate utilization ability in the organism or the cultured cell. In addition, the present disclosure provides a method for culturing at least two types of cells including a cell X and a cell Y in a circulation manner, the method including: a step (a) of providing a component excreted from the cell X to the cell Y; a step (b) of providing a component derived from the cell Y to the cell X; a step (c) of culturing the cell X and the cell Y; and a step (d) of repeating the steps (a) to (c) as necessary, in which at least one of the components excreted from the cell X is an assimilable component of the cell Y, and at least one of the components derived from the cell Y is a nutritional component of the cell X.

A method of inhibiting skin cancer by administering to a subject in need thereof a double stranded RNA interference (RNAi) agent comprising at least one of (i) a first double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) for inhibiting the expression of a CD320 gene wherein the first dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a duplex, and (ii) a second dsRNA for inhibiting the expression of a LRP2 gene wherein the second dsRNA comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a duplex, wherein the sense strand of the first dsRNA is at least substantially complementary to the antisense strand of the first dsRNA and the sense strand of the second dsRNA is at least substantially complementary to the antisense strand of the second dsRNA and the use of the RNAi agent as a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer in subjects in need of treatment.