A sensor implanted in tissues and including a sensing layer is fabricated by mixing the signal transduction enzyme with non-reactive components including buffer salts and fillers, and spin coating the enzyme onto a substrate. The signal transduction enzyme is crosslinked by introducing the coated substrate in a vacuum chamber. In the chamber, a crosslinker evaporates and is deposited onto the enzyme, therefore crosslinking the enzyme.

A sensor implanted in tissues and including a sensing layer is fabricated by mixing the signal transduction enzyme with non-reactive components including buffer salts and fillers, and spin coating the enzyme onto a substrate. The signal transduction enzyme is crosslinked by introducing the coated substrate in a vacuum chamber. In the chamber, a crosslinker evaporates and is deposited onto the enzyme, therefore crosslinking the enzyme.

Methods of preventing browning reactions of a raw material compositions, and a formulations containing a sustainable raw material useful as a component in liquid laundry detergents are described. The methods and formulations involve adding a Maillard reaction inhibiting enzyme to the raw material composition, which prevents the reducing sugar from reacting with an amine source and causing discoloration. The raw material composition can be used as a component in a detergent composition, such as a liquid laundry detergent, that exhibits increased shelf-life and consumer confidence. The sustainable raw material can be a sustainable polymer, a sustainable solvent, or a mixture thereof, and the Maillard reaction inhibiting enzyme can be hexose oxidase, fructosamine oxidase, fructosamine kinase, carbohydrate oxidase, or combinations thereof.