A cathode can include: an electrode substrate; a porphyrin precursor attached to the substrate; and an enzyme coupled to the electrode substrate to be associated with the porphyrin precursor, the enzyme reduces oxygen. The cathode can include a conductive material associated with the porphyrin precursor and/or the enzyme. The cathode can include 1-pyrenebutanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (PBSE) associated with the porphyrin precursor and/or the enzyme and/or the conductive material. The cathode can include 2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde (DMY-Carb) associated with the 1-pyrenebutanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (PBSE) and/or the porphyrin precursor and/or the enzyme and/or the conductive material. The porphyrin precursor is attached to the substrate through covalent coupling. In some aspects, substrate is linked to the porphyrin precursor, the porphyrin precursor is linked to the conductive material, the conductive material is linked to the PBSE, the PBSE is linked to the DMY-carb, and the DMY-carb is linked to the enzyme.

An anode can include: an electrode substrate; a first region of the substrate having a catalyst composition located thereon, wherein the catalyst composition includes an inorganic or metallic catalyst; and a second region of the substrate having an enzyme composition located thereon, wherein the combination of the catalyst composition and enzyme composition converts a fuel reagent to carbon dioxide at neutral pH. The first region and second region can be separate regions. The catalyst of the catalyst composition can include gold nanoparticles. The catalyst can include an inorganic or metallic catalyst selected from vanadium oxide, titanium (III) chloride, Pd(OAc).sub.2, MnO, zeolite, alumina, graphitic carbon, palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, or combinations thereof. The catalyst can be nanoparticle, nanorod, nanodot, or combination thereof. The catalyst can have sizes that range from about 10 to 20 nm.

The present invention comprises methods and compositions for the reduction of oxalate in humans. For example, the invention provides methods and compositions for the delivery of one or more oxalate-reducing enzymes embedded in particle compositions. The compositions of the present invention are suitable in methods of treatment or prevention of oxalate-related conditions including, but not limited to, hyperoxaluria, absorptive hyperoxaluria, enteric hyperoxaluria, primary hyperoxaluria, idiopathic calcium oxalate kidney stone disease (urolithiasis), vulvodynia, oxalosis associated with end-stage renal disease, cardiac conductance disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and patients who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery and bariatric surgery (surgery for obesity), and/or who have undergone antibiotic treatment.

The present invention comprises methods and compositions for the reduction of oxalate in humans, animals and plants. For example, the invention provides methods and compositions for the delivery of one ore more oxalate-reducing enzymes to the intestinal tracts of persons and animals. The methods and compositions can be used in treating and preventing oxalate-related conditions.

Disclosed herein are oxalate inducing enzymes with pH and thermal stability and methods of using for oxalate related conditions for in food processing.

The present invention comprises methods and compositions for the reduction of oxalate in humans, animals and plants. For example, the invention provides methods and compositions for the delivery of one or more oxalate-reducing enzymes to the intestinal tracts of persons and animals. The methods and compositions can be used in treating and preventing oxalate-related conditions.

Cured tobacco having a lower concentration of tobacco specific nitrosamines, can be produced from a transgenic tobacco plant having a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that catalyzes production of active oxygen species. The heterologous nucleotide sequence is operably coupled to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that directs expression of the polypeptide. The regulatory nucleotide sequence can include constitutive and/or inducible promoter elements.

Cured tobacco having a lower concentration of tobacco specific nitrosamines, can be produced from a transgenic tobacco plant having a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that catalyzes production of active oxygen species. The heterologous nucleotide sequence is operably coupled to a regulatory nucleotide sequence that directs expression of the polypeptide. The regulatory nucleotide sequence can include constitutive and/or inducible promoter elements.

Novel oxalate oxidases are provided, which have suitable oxalate degrading activity near physiological pH (7.4). The properties of these OxOx make them potential drug candidates for use in reducing oxalate concentration in patients suffering from excess of oxalate. Especially due to the high activity at physiological pH, the OxOx's are suitable drug candidates for parenteral administration, i.e. to reduce the oxalate concentration in the plasma.

The disclosure relates generally to bacteria that have been modified to have increased oxalate degrading activity, pharmaceutical compositions including the bacteria, and methods of treating disorders associated with an elevated amount of oxalate, e.g., hyperoxaluria.