Examination of a test sample to determine the presence or quantity of succination of proteins is described. Examination can be via protein hydrolysis in total succination determination or via enzymatic digestion of isolated proteins and determination of the presence or quantity of modified peptides. The methods can be utilized for determination of excessive succination of lymph system proteins, which can be utilized in prevention or early detection of lymphopenia. Methods can be utilized for test samples of subjects under treatment with dimethyl fumarate suffering from multiple sclerosis. Methods can be utilized as a determination that treatment of the subject with DMF should be slowed or stopped.

A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

The present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism having the ability to produce poly(lactate-co-glycolate) and its copolymers from xylose, and more particularly to a recombinant microorganism having the ability to produce poly(lactate-co-glycolate) and its copolymers without having to supply a glycolate precursor from an external source, and a method of producing a poly(lactate-co-glycolate) copolymers using the same.

The present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism having the ability to produce poly(lactate-co-glycolate) and its copolymers from xylose, and more particularly to a recombinant microorganism having the ability to produce poly(lactate-co-glycolate) and its copolymers without having to supply a glycolate precursor from an external source, and a method of producing a poly(lactate-co-glycolate) copolymers using the same.

The present invention relates to a variant polypeptide having fumarate reductase activity, which has modified NADP(H)-dependent and/or NAD(H)-dependent activity as compared with a reference polypeptide having fumarate reductase activity. Such a variant may be overexpressed in a host cell in order to improve production of a dicarboxylic acid.

Provided herein are microorganisms and methods for fermentative production of -ketoadipate from gaseous substrates such as carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), carbon monoxide (CO), and/or hydrogen (H.sub.2). Additionally, the processes provided herein are methods for producing polymers containing -ketoadipate, that can potentially enable a circular economy by diverting waste, e.g., plastic waste.

A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

Provided a genetically modified yeast strain for producing succinic acid, which strain has the activity or an enhanced activity of an NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82), and optionally also has the activity or an enhanced activity of at least one of the following: (i) soluble fumarate reductase (EC 4.2.1.2), (ii) a pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), (iii) a fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2), and (iv) succinate transport protein; and a preparation method therefor, a method for producing succinic acid using same, and the use thereof.

Described are compositions and methods relating to modified yeast that overexpress fumarate reductase. The yeast cells have an increased fermentation rate compared to their parental cells. Such yeast cells ae particularly useful for large-scale ethanol production from starch substrates where an increased rate of ethanol production is desirable.

The present application provides genetically modified yeast cell comprising an active succinate fermentation pathway, as well as methods of using these cells to produce succinate.